Forest catchment treatment [Índia]
- Criação:
- Atualização:
- Compilador/a: Chetan Kumar
- Editor: –
- Revisor: Fabian Ottiger
technologies_1476 - Índia
Veja as seções
Expandir tudo Recolher tudo1. Informação geral
1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia
Especialista em GST:
Vashisth US
01732-30006
usvashisth@teri.res.in
House No.1014 Sector 17 Jagadhari, Yamunanagar
Índia
Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)
CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) - Índia1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT
Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?
01/09/2002
O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:
Sim
1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST
Joint forest management [Índia]
Government and NGO supported community protection of forested catchments, through village-based Hill Resource Management Societies.
- Compilador/a: Sumana Datta
Joint forest management [Índia]
Joint forest management is a community based program developed in collaboration with the forest department for the protection and management of local forests while providing incentives to the local communities with political and institutional support from the state.
- Compilador/a: Sumana Datta
2. Descrição da tecnologia de GST
2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia
Definição da tecnologia:
Catchment treatment of degraded forest land including social fencing, infiltration trenches and enrichment planting with trees and grasses for production and dam protection.
2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia
Descrição:
Forest catchment treatment aims to achieve production and environmental benefits through a combination of structural, vegetative and management measures in badly degraded catchments above villages. These efforts are concentrated in the highly erodible Shiwalik Hills at the foot of the Himalayan range where soil erosion has ravaged the landscape, and the original forest has almost disappeared.
The purpose of forest catchment treatment is first to rehabilitate the forest through protection of the area by ‘social fencing’ (villagers agreeing amongst themselves to exclude livestock without using physical barriers), then construction of soil conservation measures (staggered contour trenches, check dams, graded stabilisation channels etc; see establishment activities), and ‘enrichment planting’ of trees and grasses within the existing forest stand to improve composition and cover. These species usually include trees such as Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo, and fodder grasses - as well as bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata), which is used for rope making. The combined measures are aimed at reestablishing the forest canopy, understorey and floor, thereby restoring the forest ecosystem together with its functions and services. Biodiversity is simultaneously enhanced.
The second main objective is to provide supplementary irrigation water to the village below through construction of one, or more, earth dams. The village community - organised into a Hill Resource Management Society - is the source of highly subsidised labour for forest catchment treatment. After catchment protection around the proposed dam site(s), the dam(s) and pipeline(s) are constructed. The dams are generally between 20,000 and 200,000 m3 in capacity, and the pipelines usually one kilometre or less in length.
Apart from irrigation, the villagers benefit from communal use of non-timber forest resources. Forest catchment treatment (associated with the approach termed ‘joint forest management’ - JFM) has been developed from a pilot initiative in Sukhomajri village in 1976, and has spread very widely throughout India. This description focuses on Ambala and Yamunanagar Districts in Haryana State.
The Shiwalik hills where the SWC technology was applied is one of the eight most degraded, rainfed agro-ecosystems of India. It is highly erodible, with presence of low water retentive soils and severe soil erosion, haing water scarcity despite average 1000 mm annual rainfall.
2.3 Fotos da tecnologia
2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação
País:
Índia
Região/Estado/Província:
Haryana
Especificação adicional de localização:
Ambala and Yamunanagar
Map
×3. Classificação da tecnologia de GST
3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia
- Melhora a produção
- Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada
Pastagem
Floresta/bosques
- Rehabilitated natural forest
Comentários:
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The Shiwalik Hills are extremely prone to both surface erosion and landslides, and general degradation of vegetation due to over-exploitation. Some areas have become completely denuded because of overgrazing and woodcutting. Furthermore there is no, or inadequate, water for irrigation of crops.
Grazingland comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.
Problems / comments regarding forest use: Tree species like Khaci (Acacia catechu), Dalbergio sissoo in pits and slips of bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata) on mounds of trenches and hill slopes were planted. Bhabbar grass was sold out by forest department to contractors.
Type of grazing system comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.
3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra
Especifique:
Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Oct
3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia
- Reserva ( suspensão do uso, apoio à recuperação)
- Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
- Medidas de curva de nível
3.5 Difusão da tecnologia
Comentários:
Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 198 m2.
3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia
3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia
Erosão do solo pela água
- Wt: Perda do solo superficial/erosão de superfície
- Wg: Erosão por ravinas/ravinamento
- Wm: movimento de massas/deslizamentos
Degradação da água
- Ha: aridificação
Comentários:
Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion
Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Ha: aridification
Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), education, access to knowledge and support services (Absence of institutional arrangements to disseminate the knowledge from lab to land and involve the users in implementation)
Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Subsistence economy, dependance on forests for fuelwood and fodder, livestock were low quality, free grazing type. And these were no regulatory mechanisms to share usufruct from forests with people.), poverty / wealth (Lack of capital at the grassroot to take the initiative by the farmers themselves)
3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo
Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:
- Reduzir a degradação do solo
4. Especificações técnicas, implementação de atividades, entradas e custos
4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia
4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico
Forest catchment treatment: an overview showing protected forest, dam and irrigated cropland below.
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, control of concentrated runoff
Vegetative measure: enrichment planting with
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Trees/ shrubs species: Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo etc
Grass species: bhabbar grass: Eulaliopsis binata
Structural measure: dam
Structural measure: trenches
Structural measure: ditches
Structural measure: check dams
Other type of management: social fencing
4.4 Atividades de implantação
Atividade | Tipo de medida | Periodicidade | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Enrichment planting of tree seedlings (Acacia catechu, Dalbergiasissoo etc), grasses (bhabbar grass: Eulaliopsis binata) on bundsof earth and hill slopes, and Ipomea cornea in channels. | Vegetativo | beginning of the monsoon rains. |
2. | Construction of a series of staggered contour trenches on slopes. | Estrutural | pre-monsoon |
3. | Construction of stone/earth/wood check dams in gullies. | Estrutural | pre-monsoon |
4. | Construction of graded stabilisation channels which capture runoffand discharge it safely. | Estrutural | pre-monsoon |
5. | Construction of earth dam wall for water harvesting and concretepipelines for irrigation. | Estrutural | pre-monsoon |
6. | Introduction of social fencing system through Hill ResourceManagement Societies. | Gestão | pre-monsoon |
4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação
Especifique a entrada | Unidade | Quantidade | Custos por unidade | Custos totais por entrada | % dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mão-de-obra | Labour | ha | 1,0 | 250,0 | 250,0 | 5,0 |
Equipamento | Machine use | ha | 1,0 | 75,0 | 75,0 | |
Material vegetal | Seedlings | ha | 1,0 | 50,0 | 50,0 | |
Material de construção | Construction material for dam wall | ha | 1,0 | 25,0 | 25,0 | |
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia | 400,0 |
Comentários:
Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)
4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção
Atividade | Tipo de medida | Periodicidade/frequência | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | watch and ward | Vegetativo | /on-going |
2. | Desilting of water harvesting structures. | Estrutural | pre-monsoon,/once every year |
3. | Repair of channels. | Estrutural | pre-monsoon,/once every year |
4. | Maintenance of structures. | Estrutural | pre-monsoon,/ |
5. | regular meetings/facilitations | Gestão | |
6. | control grazing fines, peer-group pressure | Gestão |
4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)
Especifique a entrada | Unidade | Quantidade | Custos por unidade | Custos totais por entrada | % dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mão-de-obra | Labour | ha | 1,0 | 50,0 | 50,0 | 95,0 |
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia | 50,0 |
Comentários:
This information is indicative and is based on calculations derived from Thaska village (Yamunanagar District)
where there are 3 dams - collecting the runoff from the total forest catchment of 75 ha. The cost range of treatments per
hectare of rehabilitated forest is generally US$ 200–700 (where the main cost is that of the dam construction) and typically the area of supplementary irrigation (command area) is twice as large as the forest catchment treated (in this case the irrigated area is 150 ha).
Cost per unit: the treatment of a 25 ha unit of catchment including construction of a dam costs around US$ 10,000.
5. Ambiente natural e humano
5.1 Clima
Precipitação pluviométrica anual
- <250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1.000 mm
- 1.001-1.500 mm
- 1.501-2.000 mm
- 2.001-3.000 mm
- 3.001-4.000 mm
- > 4.000 mm
Zona agroclimática
- Subúmido
- Semiárido
Semi arid: Shiwalik region falls under semi-arid agro-climatic zone.
5.2 Topografia
Declividade média:
- Plano (0-2%)
- Suave ondulado (3-5%)
- Ondulado (6-10%)
- Moderadamente ondulado (11-15%)
- Forte ondulado (16-30%)
- Montanhoso (31-60%)
- Escarpado (>60%)
Formas de relevo:
- Planalto/planície
- Cumes
- Encosta de serra
- Encosta de morro
- Sopés
- Fundos de vale
Zona de altitude:
- 0-100 m s.n.m.
- 101-500 m s.n.m.
- 501-1.000 m s.n.m.
- 1.001-1.500 m s.n.m.
- 1.501-2.000 m s.n.m.
- 2.001-2.500 m s.n.m.
- 2.501-3.000 m s.n.m.
- 3.001-4.000 m s.n.m.
- > 4.000 m s.n.m.
Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:
Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, Higher hills are located in the northern and eastern part of the tract, while low hills in the southern and western parts of the tract. These hills are characterized by relatively high intensity of er), ridges (ranked 2) and footslopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Moderate (ranked 1, the slopes vary considerably from moderate to precipitous), hilly (ranked 2) and steep (ranked 3)
5.3 Solos
Profundidade do solo em média:
- Muito raso (0-20 cm)
- Raso (21-50 cm)
- Moderadamente profundo (51-80 cm)
- Profundo (81-120 cm)
- Muito profundo (>120 cm)
Textura do solo (solo superficial):
- Grosso/fino (arenoso)
Matéria orgânica do solo superficial:
- Médio (1-3%)
- Baixo (<1%)
Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.
Soil depth on average: Also shallow (ranked 2) and deep (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Coarse (ranked 1, in most of the areas soils are sandy. However sandy loam, loamy sand and sill loam soils are also met with), medium (ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility: Medium (soils are deficient in humus contents. However soils are fairly fertile and suitable for raising forest crops in the entire area)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (water holding capacity of soils is good)
5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia
Orientação de mercado do sistema de produção:
- Subsistência (autoabastecimento)
- Misto (subsistência/comercial)
Rendimento não agrícola:
- 10-50% de toda renda
Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:
Off-farm income specification: significant off-farm activity/income includes rope making from bhabbar grass. Sale of fodder grass from the forest provides
additional income.
Market orientation forest land: Mixed (forest dept. used to give annual contracts for bhabbar grasses)
5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia
- < 0,5 ha
- 0,5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1.000 ha
- 1.000-10.000 ha
- > 10.000 ha
Comentários:
2-5 ha: Grazing land mainly comprises of forest area where villagers have rights, private as well as community lands.
5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água
Propriedade da terra:
- Estado
Direitos do uso da terra:
- Comunitário (organizado)
6. Impactos e declarações finais
6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia
Impactos socioeconômicos
Produção
Produção de forragens
Qualidade da forragem
Produção de madeira
Diversidade de produtos
Comentários/especificar:
Increased non-timber forest products
Renda e custos
Rendimento agrícola
Disparidades econômicas
Comentários/especificar:
Those with irrigation vs those without
Impactos socioculturais
Instituições comunitárias
Conhecimento de GST/ degradação da terra
Atenuação de conflitos
Comentários/especificar:
Those with irrigation vs those without
Impactos ecológicos
Solo
Umidade do solo
Cobertura do solo
Perda de solo
Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais
Cobertura vegetal
Comentários/especificar:
Trees and grass
Diversidade vegetal
Diversidade animal
Diversidade de habitat
6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia
Caudal confiável e estável em período seco
Cheias de jusante
Sedimentação a jusante
Crop yield
Comentários/especificar:
From new irrigation water
6.4 Análise do custo-benefício
Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?
Retornos a curto prazo:
muito positivo
Retornos a longo prazo:
muito positivo
Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?
Retornos a curto prazo:
muito positivo
Retornos a longo prazo:
muito positivo
6.5 Adoção da tecnologia
Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?
- 50-90%
Comentários:
40% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates
60% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: The spread of such forest treatment within Haryana (and outside) is happening steadily.
Farmers have levelled theor fields to await water for irrigation from dams. The villagers have also contributed by money/labour in lying pipelines for water distribution.
6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra |
---|
Increased availabilzy of fodder and fuel. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improvement in livestock mix and breed owned by villlagers. |
Increased crop yields, milk production and horticultural products How can they be sustained / enhanced? Suitable crop mix to derive maximum benefits from water from dams |
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada |
---|
Increased surface and groundwater help to fill the dam rather than running off and causing flooding and erosion lower down (but not always: see first off-site disadvantage) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ensure continuous protection/ regular maintenance. |
Increased fodder and fuel from the renewed forest resources How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto. |
Reduction of runoff and erosion in the previously degraded catchment How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto. |
Improved forest conditions – both canopy and understorey delivering general ecosystem benefits How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto. |
Increased crop yield from irrigation made possible through irrigation from the dam Increased household income Increased community institution strength How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto. |
6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra | Como eles podem ser superados? |
---|---|
Initial investment to change the cattle mix. | Arrangement of credit facility. |
Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada | Como eles podem ser superados? |
---|---|
In some cases reduction in runoff (because of increased vegetation) causes less water for irrigation | Manipulate vegetative cover as required (selective cutting). |
Conflicts in water distribution | Conflict resolution may need to be carried out through Hill Resource Management Societies. |
High labour input. | |
Regular maintenance and desilting of earthen dams. |
7. Referências e links
7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis
Título, autor, ano, ISBN:
Singh TP and Varalakshmi V: The Decade and Beyond: Evolving community-state partnership. TERI, New Delhi. 1998.
Título, autor, ano, ISBN:
Poffenberger M and McGean B (eds): Village Voices, Forest Choices. Joint Forest Management in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi. 1996.
Links e módulos
Expandir tudo Recolher tudoLinks
Joint forest management [Índia]
Government and NGO supported community protection of forested catchments, through village-based Hill Resource Management Societies.
- Compilador/a: Sumana Datta
Joint forest management [Índia]
Joint forest management is a community based program developed in collaboration with the forest department for the protection and management of local forests while providing incentives to the local communities with political and institutional support from the state.
- Compilador/a: Sumana Datta
Módulos
Não há módulos