1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

06/06/2006

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

A method for increasing the productivity of rice by changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was developed in Madagascar by Henri de Laulanie, in the 1980s. He worked with Malagasy farmers and colleagues to improve the possibilities of rice production. The practice contributes to both healthier soil and healthier plants, supported by greater root growth and the nurturing of soil microbial abundance and diversity. It is based on a number of well-founded
agro-ecological principles. SRI concepts and practices have also been successfully adapted to upland rice.
SRI involves transplanting very young rice seedlings (usually 8-12 days old with just two small leaves) carefully and quickly so as to cause minimum disturbance to the roots. The seedlings are planted individually, in contrast to the traditional method where clumps of 3-4 are planted together, minimising root competition between the seedlings. The seedlings are kept widely spaced to allow better root and canopy growth, in a square grid pattern at a spacing of at least 25 x 25 cm. Planting can be done even wider at 30 x 30 or 40 x 40 cm and even up to 50 x 50 cm
in the best quality soils.
The soil is kept moist but well drained and aerated to support increased biological activity. A small quantity of water is applied during the vegetative growth period following which a thin layer of water is maintained on the fields only during the flowering and grain-filling stages. Better quality compost, such as well decomposed farmyard manure, can be applied to achieve additional yield increases. Since weed growth will be more abundant and will be a problem in fields that are not kept flooded (and because of the wider spacing), weeding needs to be done at least once or twice in the first 10-12 days and a total of three or four times altogether before the canopy closes.
SRI does not require additional inputs like new seeds, chemical fertiliser or pesticides, but it does require the skilful management of the factors in production and, at least initially, 25-50% more labour inputs, particularly for the transplanting and weeding. As farmers become more skilled and confident in SRI, the amount of labour needed decreases and can eventually become the same or even less than with
conventional methods.
SRI is being tried out by farmers in many areas of Nepal’s middle mountains including in the Jhikhu Khola watershed. This area has an altitude of 800-2200 masl, and receives about 1200 mm annual rainfall, about 70-80% in the monsoon months (June to September).

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Madagascar

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Limited production due to soil fertility decline, increased amount of agrochemical inputs and lack of sufficient irrigation water and irrigation infrastructures.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decreased production, lack of irrigation facilities and increased amount of chemical fertilizers.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 3

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Medidas pós-colheita

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentários:

This was the first year of on farm research cum demonstration on the farmers field after the trial in the research station. Six farmers tested SRI in 2003. It was tested in Panchkhal, Hokse, Bhimsensthan,
Baluwa, and Patalekhet VDCs.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: urbanisation and infrastructure development (poor irrigation infrastructures), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (uneven distribution of precipitation throughout the year), land tenure (population growth, separating famility members from a household.), labour availability (out migration for a off-farm employment)

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Weak institutional collaboration), poverty / wealth (lack of government subsidy on agricultural sector), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of sufficient discussion with concerned technicians and experienced farmers.)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

In the SRI method young seedlings
(8-12 days old) are planted singly
at a wide spacing of 25 x 25 cm
or more

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improved plant management, improved soil management, improved water management

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Planting method, irrigation method and soil fertility management is carriedout differently compare to traditional method.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 0 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Application of fertilizer	Gestão
2.	Application of pesticides ( if required)	Gestão
3.	Transplantation	Gestão	monsoon, 8 to 12 days after seed sowing /
4.	Irrigation of the mainfield ( to keep fields alternately dry and moist)	Gestão	vegetative period / weekly after transplantation;
5.	Weeding	Gestão	vegetative period / 3-4 times; first within 10 day
6.	Harvesting	Gestão	October/November /
7.	Nursery bed preparation, seed treatment and sowing	Gestão	Beginning of monsoon /
8.	Main field preparation ( ploughing and leveling)	Gestão	Beginning of monsoon /

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Maintaining field	Persons/day	353,0	2,1	741,3	100,0
Equipamento	Machin use	ha	1,0	136,0	136,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	4,0	4,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	94,0	94,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Biocoides	ha	1,0	56,0	56,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					1031,3

Comentários:

labour: person -day, cost of agrochemicals
All costs were estimated in 2006.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Due to increased off-farm employment trend , there is lack of manpower for field operation, which increases the labour cost .

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Landforms: Also hill slopes

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average: Variable

Soil fertility is very low - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - poor

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Availability of surface water: Maximum during rainy season (June to september), starts decresing from October reaching minimum in April/May

Water quality (untreated): Poor more in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May, but otherwise good drinking water

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
50% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for planting, irrigation, harvesting, animals are used for field preparation and machines as well but in the valley bottom.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não bem
Tempestade de vento local	não bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

If rice fields need to be established, the short-term establishment costs and the benefits realised are about the same. However, most farmers already had rice fields and therefore the benefits are more than the costs.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

35 households in an area of 10 ha

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 90-100%

Comentários:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

35 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Farmers are adopting the SRI method carefully and slowly by at first only putting small areas under SRI and then
slowly increasing the area planted.

SRI is an innovation rather than a technology. It is gaining popularity all over the world. Increased yields of 50-100% have been reported in most places where it has been tried. The practice is gaining popularity in Nepal especially in the eastern Terai plains.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Compared to the traditional method, SRI consumed 50 to 75% less water, 75% less seed, 50% less labour for transplanting, 50-60% less labour for irrigation, and less pesticide; the cost of fertiliser and harvesting remained the same, thus the overall cost of production is the same or a little less How can they be sustained / enhanced? More experience sharing would help expand the area under SRI
40-50% more grain production and 20-25% increase in above ground biomass production compared to traditional method How can they be sustained / enhanced? Experience sharing would help expand the area under SRI
Lodging is observed less due to longer root in case of SRI
Conflict over water during irrigation time reduced

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
SRI method saved time required for irrigation, reduced disease and pest attacks, and reduced lodging problem. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More research is required to calculate exact amount of water saving.
SRI method improved soil environment and reduced rates of riser collapse How can they be sustained / enhanced? Impact of long-term soil nutrient balance has yet to be studied
SRI method saved seed
Cost of production was same or little less compared to traditional method.
Compared to traditional method, grain yield nearly doubled in SRI without additional external inputs. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Emphasis should be given on understanding the process involved in SRI , not just obtain information about the net benefits.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Compared to traditional method, cost for weeding is 50-60%.higher and the first weeding is difficult.	Overall cost remains the same. A simple low cost mechanical weeder can lower the cost of weeding in the long run..
Compared to traditional method, transplanting young seedling , maintaining the spacing and handling young seedling is difficult.	Confidence building is essential, this can be achieved by practicing it 2-3 times.
Transporting delicate seedlings from the nursery beds to the field and transplanting it requires proper skill.	More practice is required.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Water control is most difficult part of this method; to maintain alternate dry and moist field conditions, water needs to be available at 5 - 6 day intervals.	There needs to be good irrigation infrastructure or a perennial source of water to irrigate rice fi elds regularly
Transplanting 8-12 day old seedlings, especially under rainfed conditions, is quite diffi cult. Seedlings become old and unfi t for transplanting when there is no rain during the transplanting time	Establish two to three nursery beds at intervals of one week
This method is only suitable for smallholder farmers, in most countries it is not adopted on a large scale.	Involvement of national departments and local institutions and wider sharing of its proven benefi ts is vital to upscale the innovation.

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

IRRI International Rice Research Institute, www.irri.org.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) ‘Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Uphoff, N. (2004) ‘System of Rice Intensification Responds to 21st Century Needs’. In Rice Today, 3 (3):42