1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Rwanda Agriculture Board (Rwanda Agriculture Board) - Ruanda

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Locally referred to as ‘radical terracing’, the method involves earth moving operations that create reverse-slope bench terraces which have properly shaped risers stabilized with grass or trees on embankment to avoid collapse.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

In Rwanda, a unique method of back-slope terracing originally introduced by missionaries growing wheat in the Northern Province in the 1970s, has been widely adopted by smallholder farmers in many parts of the country. The farmers are careful to isolate the topsoil, then they re-work the subsoil to create the required reverse-slope bench, after which the topsoil is spread over the surface. The riser is planted with short runner grass for stabilization, all within the same day. Radical terracing is usually done manually with hoes and shovels, mostly by communal group-work involving hundreds of farmers (see left photo). Thus, a hillside can be terraced in one day. Where radical terraces have been constructed, the effects have been dramatic, achieving optimum water and soil conservation on slopes exceeding 50%, while adoption rates have been quite extensive. This high adoption of radical terracing is related to the existing policies and programs such as land consolidation, land management and crop intensification programs. These policies/programs boost the use of radical terraces by providing farmers more opportunities to easily access inputs such as improved seeds and manure for increasing the productivity of constructed radical terraces. Recent studies (e.g. Fleskens, 2007, Bizoza and de Graaff 2012 and Kagabo et al. 2013) assert that radical terraces in the highlands of Rwanda are only financially viable when the opportunity cost of labour and manure are below the local market price levels and when agriculture area on these radical terraces can be substantially intensified. Ten to 30 metric tons of manure (organic) are required to restore the soil fertility of newly established radical terraces.

Purpose of the Technology: In Rwanda, radical terraces are principally designed (1) to reduce soil losses through enhanced retention and infiltration of runoff, (2) to promote permanent agriculture on steep slopes and (3) to promote land consolidation and intensive land use.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Newly established radical terraces should be protected at their risers and outlets, especially in the first or second year of the establishment. After establishing a terrace, a riser is shaped and grasses or shrubs/trees are planted soon after. Napier grass is commonly planted and is used as forage for livestock. Risers on radical terraces are seen as a new production niche of forage as a result of land shortage and a strict zero grazing policy.

Natural / human environment: Radical terraces have the potential of improving farmers’ livelihoods and increasing the resilience of a degraded environment.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

• Government

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The Government introduced it through local leaders and agronomist. It was established in 2004

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion due to high runoff on the steep slopes, deforestation, intensive cultivation and lack of suitable land management methods.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low crop production, soil erosion and lack of fodder

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: September- January; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: March - June

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Medidas de curva de nível

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 10.3 km2.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing (Grazing and fodder), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Extreme topography: steep slopes in many cases over 50%), population pressure (High density (in rural area over 400 inhabitant per ha))

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Use of cooking energy (fire wood)), poverty / wealth (Farmers have low income and have less access to off farm income or remittances), education, access to knowledge and support services (High rate of irriteracy)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

The farmers are careful to isolate the topsoil, then they re-work the subsoil to create the required reverse-slope bench, after which the topsoil is spread over the surface. The riser is planted with short runner grass for stabilization, all within the same period.

Location: Nyamirama. Kayonza/West/Rwanda

Date: 2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Special training should be provided to field staff to be able to make an adequate design)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Land users are required to only implement the technology under the supervision of field staff)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 2000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2

Grass species: Pennisetum

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 35%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 0%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0%

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 4

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20-50%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 0%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Rwandan francs

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

640,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Cuttings of grasses	Vegetativo	Rain season
2.	Transport of grass cuttings	Vegetativo	Rain season
3.	Planting of grass cuttings	Vegetativo	Rain season
4.	Land surveying (slope determination, soil structure and texture analysis)	Estrutural	any time
5.	Construction of bunds (risers) with soil from upper and lower sides	Estrutural	dry season
6.	Level terraces bed (surface soil moved from upper to lower part of terraces)	Estrutural	dry season
7.	cutting subsurface soil, leveling and refilling surface soil	Estrutural	dry season
8.	Make lips on edges of terraces	Estrutural	dry season
9.	Compact risers	Estrutural	dry season
10.	Plant grasses including agro-forestery trees.	Estrutural	rainy season
11.	Input/ application of farmyard manure and liming	Estrutural	rainy season

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Cuttings of grasses	persons/day/ha	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	60,0
Mão-de-obra	Transport of grass cuttings	persons/day/ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0
Mão-de-obra	Planting of grass cuttings	persons/day/ha	20,0	1000,0	20000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Land surveying (slope determination, soil structure and texture	persons/day/ha	6,0	20000,0	120000,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Lime	kg/ha	2500,0	40,0	100000,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Famyard manure	kg/ha	30000,0	5,0	150000,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Mineral fertilizers	kg/ha	300,0	500,0	150000,0
Outros	Labour: Construction of bunds	persons/day/ha	100,0	1000,0	100000,0
Outros	Labour: Level terraces bed	persons/day/ha	250,0	1000,0	250000,0
Outros	Labour: Cutting subsurface soil	persons/day/ha	250,0	1000,0	250000,0
Outros	Labour: Make lips on edges of terraces	persons/day/ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0
Outros	Labour: Compact risers	persons/day/ha	50,0	1000,0	50000,0
Outros	Labour: Plant grasses including agro-forestery trees	persons/day/ha	50,0	1000,0	50000,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					1262000,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Weeding	Vegetativo	Before crop planting/each cropping season
2.	Manure application	Vegetativo	Before crop planting/annually
3.	Grass streaming	Vegetativo	Throughout the year
4.	Cleaning of channels and drains	Estrutural	through out the year
5.	Regular repair of destroyed risers	Estrutural	through the year

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Weeding	persons/day/ha	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Manure application	persons/day/ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Grass streaming	persons/day/ha	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Cleaning of channels and drains	persons/day/ha	10,0	300,0	3000,0	100,0
Outros	Labour: Regular repair of destroyed risers	persons/day/ha	6,0	333,3333	2000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					22000,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: Small hoes and machete, Hoes, machete, spade, A.fram, macako and meters.

The cost is calculated using the rate of US dollars at present time and were estimated according to the cost of construction of one radical terrace. At present the labor is 1.6$ per day. This was calculated on 25/07/2011.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Factors that affect the cost are labor, soil structure and slope

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is low - medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Water quality (untreated): Good drinking water available but very far to fetch.

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

75% of the land users are poor and own 60% of the land.
25% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)
• Comunitário (organizado)

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não conhecido
land slides	não bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

150 households covering 75 percent of stated area

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

140 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The real advantages of the technology are observed after 5 to 6 years with good maintenance of structures

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
It reduces soil runoff How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good maintenance of structures

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
It controls soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? There is a need to plant grasses or trees on risers to stabilize terraces
It increases soil water holding capacity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Organic manure should be added to the terrace to effectively increase the soil water holding capacity.
It increases fodder availability as new niches for fodder production are created. How can they be sustained / enhanced? High value nutritive fodder should be planted (napier grass, calliadra, tripsucum, etc.) on risers
It increases crop productivity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Terraces should be well maintained by providing more inputs and regular maintenance of bench struactures

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
It reduces the cropped land	Farmers should be supported in accessing high value crops and inputs to maximize crop yield.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The establishment of radical terraces is expensive	The construction of radical terraces should be subsided by the government.
The initial soil structure is disturbed (lost of soil organic matter)	Heavy investments are needed to replenish the soil fertility, especially by adding organic manure.
The establishment of radical terraces decreases cropped land.	Grow high value crops and use adequate quantity of inputs.
With poor maintenance or poor design of radical terraces, landslides may occur.	To be much more rigorous in the design and implementation/development of terraces by making sure that professionals are involved in the whole process of establishing terraces.

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Kagera TAMp project website

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/