1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

09/12/2013

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Transformation of degraded pastureland to high quality fodder plots.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Grass and legumes are planted on degraded pasture land in fenced fodder plots within the drought prone cattle corridor of Kiruhura district. This climatic zone is characterized by short periods of intense rains followed by long dry spells. Previously, most of the pastoralists of Kiruhura led a nomadic lifestyle, moving their livestock over large areas in search of pasture and water. The combined effects of prolonged droughts and livestock movement over a defined corridor, led to increasing degradation of pastureland, reducing both the quantity and quality of pastures and worsening soil erosion. Therefore the pastoralists have settled down plant pastures instead. Grasses cultivated in the range lands of Kiruhura are Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), Stylosanthes guianensis (stylo), Chloris gayana. The legumes are Calliandra spp. and lablab.

Purpose of the Technology: The main objective of the technology is to improve the availability of quality forage and fodder for livestock during the dry season and to feed small ruminants. The other objective is to stop runoff which usually destroys crops, increase water infiltration during the rains and lessen the effect of floods. The benefits of fodder cropping include the protection of soil from erosion by increasing surface cover, improved soil fertility from the legumes, improved livestock production and consequently higher manure production.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment involves digging, to loosen the soil and remove other grasses that would compete with the planted grasses. Digging is labor intensive and the land owner usually hires labor. The technology requires simple gardening tools such as the hand hoe for digging the soil, and a panga to clear invasive bushes, usually Lantana camara. In addition, irrigation may be necessary in the first 2 to 3 months even during the rainy season. Elephant grass is propagated vegetatively using cuttings planted in rows. Chloris gayana is propagated by broadcasting the seed. Lablab seeds are germinated by soaking in water and then planted directly in the prepared plot. Calliandra is first planted in nurseries before transplanting the seedlings.

Because of the erratic rains, irrigating the plots in the first few months of cultivation is critical.

Natural / human environment: The plots fenced off to protect the fodder crops.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Fodder cropping was introduced 2 years ago by Kagera TAMP project

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Degradation of pasture range-lands through overgrazing; Animal movement exposes top soil to erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decrease of pasture and water during the dry season; labor to get water and good pasture is a big challenge during prolonged drought.

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Improved pasture: Yes

Mixed: (eg agro-pastoralism, silvo-pastoralism): Yes

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 90 Longest growing period from month to month: March to May Second longest growing period in days: 90 Second longest growing period from month to month: October to December

Densidade animal (se relevante):

25-50 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Reserva ( suspensão do uso, apoio à recuperação)
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.05 m2.

Acreage under fodder crops is increasing every season as farmers plant more grass and legumes.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures, management measures

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Pasture regeneration practice of bush burning), overgrazing (Maintaining large herds as a repository of wealth), change of seasonal rainfall (Climate change), droughts (Climate change)

Secondary causes of degradation: population pressure (The cattle corridor had a very sparse, mostly nomadic population. Herders have settled down and human population density has grown quite fast in the range-lands)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Transformation of degraded pastureland to high quality fodder plots based on establishment of vegetation cover: Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), Stylosanthes guianensis (stylo), Chloris gayana, Calliandra and Lablab

Location: Sanga sub-county, Kiruhura district. Uganda

Date: 6-DEC-2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Methods of land and seed preparation for the various fodder crops)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Maintenance of the fodder plots)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of biomass (quantity)

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: Calliandra Spp. and Grevillea grown in nursery beds before planting; lablab planted directly

Fruit trees / shrubs species: n/a

Perennial crops species: n/a

Grass species: seeds broadcast on land prepared by digging with a hand hoe

Other species: n/a

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10 - 15%

Change of land use practices / intensity level: From extensive grazing to intensive (semi-zero) grazing

Control / change of species composition: From purely natural pastures to planted fodder crops

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

UGX

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

2500,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Preparation of fodder plots (bush clearing, digging, fencing)	Vegetativo	dry season
2.	Nursery establishment for Calliandra	Vegetativo	dry season
3.	Planting	Vegetativo	Beginning of wet season
4.	Weeding	Vegetativo	Wet season
5.	Paddocking	Gestão	dry season

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	110,0	110,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost/manure	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Material de construção	Wood	ha	1,0	200,0	200,0	50,0
Material de construção	Fencing wire (roll)	ha	1,0	40,0	40,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					413,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 18 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Weeding and fodder preparation	Vegetativo	wet season
2.	Gap-filling/replanting	Vegetativo	Wet season
3.	Maintenance of paddocks	Gestão	2 times a year

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	60,0	60,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost/manure	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Material de construção	Wood	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
Material de construção	Fencin wire	ha	1,0	40,0	40,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					263,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: hand hoe, panga, rake, n/a

The calculations above were done in December 2013, for gently sloping land (< 6%), for each of 5 hectares covered by the technology.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Fencing the land is the most important factor in establishing the technology. The whole cattle corridor is an extended range land with a lot of livestock. Fodder plots constantly face destruction by freely roaming livestock and therefore fencing is a requirement. Paddocking also requires fencing to divide the farm into portions of pasture. Both materials and labor are costly.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zone: 1001-1500 m a.s.l. (1330 m to 1345 m a.s.l.)
Slopes on average: Gentle (Extensive area of grazing land cover both gentle and moderate slopes) and moderate (both ranked 2)

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility: Medium
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: Herds and the land they graze on traditionally belongs to men. This seems to have remained the case, where women's roles are within the house and around the compound while men tend the live stock. Nonetheless, women are getting hired as labourers in the nurseries and for digging.
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
15% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land (can afford to spend 150.00 US$ per month on farm expenses).
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land (can spend 500.00 annually on the farm).
Off-farm income specification: Most of the economy in Kiruhura district is farm-based. Almost everybody earns directly from their farm produce or labour.
Market orientation: Mixed (ranked 1, herders have surplus milk for sale) and subsistence (ranked 2, herders grow their own food)

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

Comentários:

Once herders started settling down land came under individual ownership. This development is only a few decades old. Water is still under open access.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	não conhecido

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não conhecido

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

Comentários:

In preparation for extended drought, hay is made during the rainy season when there is abundant grass.

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

Establishment costs are rather high. In the medium to longer term, the benefits are immense. Maintenance costs are reduced once the technology is established because expenditure on animal drugs goes down with decreasing parasite infestations (especially ticks) which were a result of mixing with untreated herds before.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

20

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 10-50%

Comentários:

75% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

15 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Supply of grass and legume seeds was done for the original 15 families; 5 more families are working on the technology after seeing its results from their neighbours.

25% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

5 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: 5 farmers have adopted the technology without getting any external help

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: 25% of the farmers who adopted the technology did so without external support.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Improved income from milk with reduced expenses on acaricides and other drugs means that household income is higher How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage improvement of the herd by reducing the numbers and enhancing the quality through breeding and acqusition
Less time is spent on searching for pastures further afield. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage the herder to put more acreage under planted pastures

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
There is enough grass and fodder for the herd during the rainy season and hay during the extended droughts. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More mobilization campaigns, grass and legume seeds and other incentives should be availed to the herders to enhance rate and extent of adoption.
Intensive grazing favours smaller, high productivity herds How can they be sustained / enhanced? Policy to improve herd quality should be pursued at government level
Planted pasture enhances responsibility to protect and maintain grazing land by the owner, thereby improving capacity to sustain soil management benefits (increased surface cover, reduced water erosion) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Community level by-laws should be enacted to compel every herder to have some planted pastures for fodder.
Improved milk and other farm product yields How can they be sustained / enhanced? Introduce marketing strategies including cooperatives to ensure that the benefits go to the farmers and not marketing middle-men.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
There is shortage of labor to increase acreage, cut the grass and legumes from the pasture plots and prepare fodder for semi zero-grazing	Use simple machines where possible

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Establishment costs are rather high	Benefits demonstrated by the herders who adopted the technology should convince government and commercial banks that the technology is profitable. Upon this evidence alone, these institutions should avail the herders the necessary capital.
Technology is labour intensive	Productivity is even higher, therefore innovations that introduce mechanization should be encouraged (it is the normal progression of agricultural/industrial development)

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/