1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel (GIZ )

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Alemanha

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

01/07/2012

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

The deepening of the channels has made it possible to control pond and lake recharge, optimise yields and crop growing, and increase the area under cultivation.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The water for the lakes and ponds in the lakeland area (‘zone lacustre’) alongside the Niger River is supplied when the Niger is in spate by means of a system of natural channels. As the water height of the annual flood wave of the Niger has decreased, some lakes and ponds receive little water. The disadvantages of this natural system are: the loss of harvests due to the flooding of fields before the crops have time to mature, and the rapid retreat of waters that inhibits the capillary effect across large areas.
In relation to the building of control structures and the deepening of channels supplying water to ponds and lakes, the projects main objectives are to: restore water supplies to the lakes and ponds previously fed by the Niger River; regularise water supplies to the ponds and lakes; increase the area under cultivation; restart the growing of flood recession crops and other activities in the areas around ponds and lakes; restore the environment and biodiversity around ponds and lakes; raise the water table around the ponds and lakes.

The deepening of the channels has made it possible to recharge lake and pond basins. It is the reason why we are now seeing the resumption of farming, market gardening, animal husbandry and fishing around the lakes and ponds. By building control structures and large dykes it is possible to control pond and lake recharge, optimise yields and crop growing, and increase the area under cultivation. There is a diversification of production and incomes through the farming of small family units and market gardening plots in the lake and pond areas. The installation of bridge crossings with causeways running across marshlands have helped to open up the area and, as such, facilitate the transport of farm produce, the provisioning of local communities and the circulation of road traffic. The development of the dual road/ferry scheme (the Saraféré-Niafunké road and 40-tonne motor ferry) has revived an economic and human activity that was dying out due to extremely high levels of male outmigration, which left women running households and highly vulnerable.

The stages of initiating, planning and implementing works and installations are based on the studies (soil, topographical and socio-economic) carried out by a consultancy and private company recruited through a tender process to deliver the works according to a well-defined timetable. An oversight and control office undertakes the monitoring and control of works quality and the meeting of agreed deadlines.
In principle, works are carried out during low-water periods when most of the floodplains are dry. The swampy nature of the area makes any intervention in the rainy season impossible. Furthermore, the planning of activities must respect the constraints imposed by nature. The Dabi installation on Lake Takadji is a good example of the application of technical standards.
The application and modus operandi of this good practice involve the following: the water inlets for the lake and pond basins alongside the Niger River are reopened by deepening the feeder channels; the high waters of the Niger River feed the ponds and lakes; water supply is controlled using a cement structure fitted with gates to prevent: the water flow from reversing when the Niger’s water levels are low, water flowing into the ponds and lakes before harvesting is complete; flood gauges to measure annual high water levels.
Various actors are involved in delivering this practice. Their roles are as follows: Beneficiaries are not required to participate in works delivered by contractors (works involving large pond and lakes), but they take charge of the development of VIS plots with support from the World Food Programme (WFP) in the form of supplies. External support from the project/programme finances the installation of facilities, the pump units and the first season’s inputs. Consultancies undertake feasibility studies, produce project specifications and plans, and carry out the monitoring and oversight of works. Local authorities, as a general rule, are involved in the planning of activities or, alternatively, make provision for activities in the PDESC. They also handle the upkeep and maintenance of installations.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

This good practice has been used for around 20 years (since 1990) in IFAD projects in the ‘zone lacustre’ (lake zone).

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): the loss of harvests due to the flooding of fields before the crops have time to mature, and the rapid retreat of waters that inhibits the capillary effect across large areas

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: August-November

Densidade animal (se relevante):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de irrigação (inclusive abastecimento de água, drenagem)
• Desvio e drenagem de água
• Gestão de água de superfície (nascente, rio, lagos, mar)

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 332 m2.
In terms of the ponds and lakes, the following objectives were achieved:
Six large ponds were rehabilitated: Fati (13,000 hectares), Takadji (9,000 hectares) and Ganga (3,000 hectares), making a total of 25,000 hectares, Koboro (4,000 hectares), Kassoum-Soumpi (1,000 hectares), Billi I and Billi II (2,000 hectares), the Nounou-Diengo causeway on Lake Takadji (an additional 1,200 hectares), making a total of 8,200 hectares
Area involved: 33,200 hectares
Number of beneficiaries: 190,000 producers

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: over abstraction / excessive withdrawal of water (for irrigation, industry, etc.), change of seasonal rainfall

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

Comentários:

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Map of the ZLDP/NKE intervention area, phases I and II

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: low
Main technical functions: increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply, recharge lake and pond basins
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase / maintain water stored in soil

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

CFA Franc

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

517,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	the water inlets for the lake and pond basins alongside the Niger River are reopened by deepening the feeder channels	Estrutural
2.	the high waters of the Niger River feed the ponds and lakes	Estrutural
3.	water supply is controlled using a cement structure fitted with gates to prevent: the water flow from reversing when the Niger’s water levels are low, water flowing into the ponds and lakes before harvesting is complete; flood gauges to measure annual high water levels.	Estrutural

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Outros	total construction	ha	1,0	580,0	580,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					580,0

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	upkeep and maintenance of installations	Estrutural

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The average cost of large ponds is around 300,000 CFA francs per hectare (580 Dollar per hectare). The VIS installation works were conducted using a participatory approach. The project contributed 780,106 CFA francs towards the VIS installation, or 65%, whereas the farmers’ contribution was 429,079 CFA francs per hectare, or 35%.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
10% of the land users are rich.
50% of the land users are average wealthy.
30% of the land users are poor.
10% of the land users are very poor.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Comentários:

The irrigated land is allocated by the chief

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

The VIS installation works were conducted using a participatory approach. The project contributed 780'106 CFA francs towards the VIS installation, or 65%, whereas the farmers’ contribution was 429'079 CFA francs per hectare, or 35%.
In terms of the ponds and lakes, the following objectives were achieved: Six large ponds were rehabilitated: Fati (13,000 hectares), Takadji (9,000 hectares) and Ganga (3,000 hectares), making a total of 25,000 hectares, Koboro (4,000 hectares), Kassoum-Soumpi (1,000 hectares), Billi I and Billi II (2,000 hectares), the Nounou-Diengo causeway on Lake Takadji (an additional 1,200 hectares), making a total of 8,200 hectares, Area involved: 33,200 hectares, Number of beneficiaries: 190,000 producers

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
creates a favourable environment – restoration of the environment and biodiversity around lakes and ponds, the raising of the water table around ponds and lakes, increases in agro-sylvo-pastoral production, increases in local people’s incomes and standard of living
diversification of production and incomes through the farming of small family units and market gardening plots in the lake and pond areas
plantations growing around 100,000 plants have been developed over the lifetime of the project.
rice production on a quarter-hectare VIS can increase family income by around 80% compared to traditional means of production involving 1.5 hectares of floating rice grown on the river.
Management councils for each lake are established. User agreements are drawn up to regulate the management of the scheme (lake or pond) and local authorities are tasked with maintenance.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The installation of water control schemes has led to increases in the size of areas under cultivation. In Lake Takadji’s case, the installation of a second facility opened up a further 1,200 hectares of land for farming. The number of farmers working the lakeland areas has risen from 6.8% in 1998 to 18.5% in 2006, which is due to the growth in land area developed under the scheme and the high concentrations of people living in these areas. This underlying trend in production systems translates as increased agricultural productivity on the ground: per-hectare productivity has grown by 3.8 tonnes over the last eight years in areas using the irrigation and flood recession systems.
Research carried out with the support of the project team has enabled the development of new farming technologies that have subsequently been provided to households (cropping patterns, improved crop varieties), thereby increasing yields and production.
the installation of bridge crossings with causeways running across marshlands have helped to open up the area and facilitate the transport of farm produce, the provisioning of local communities and the circulation of road traffic
the percentage of households that are vulnerable to food insecurity has dropped from 20.4% in 1997 to 5.8% in 2006. The food security index has risen by 2.6 on a 25-point scale for all the households with access to the irrigation schemes.
migration dropped by 30% between 2001 and 2006.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Difficulties arising from the natural water supply system are: a) loss of harvests due to the flooding of fields before crops have matured, and rapid retreat of waters that inhibits the capillary effect across large areas; b) upkeep and maintenance of facilities

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel. Experiences from Mali. Published by GIZ in 2014.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://star-www.giz.de/starweb/giz/pub/servlet.starweb

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Completion report for the Zone Lacustre Development Programme – Niafunké Phase II, July 2006