1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Catastrophic shifts in drylands (EU-CASCADE)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Conselleria de infrastructuras, territorio y medioambiente - Espanha

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante) - Espanha

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

01/07/2014

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Plantation of native semiarid woody species on small terraces with stone walls on ravines and gullies

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

This technology is a restoration technology implemented on ravines and gullies in a degraded semiarid mountain range. The restoration technology consisted of a plantation of seedlings of a variety of native woody species, mostly shrubs, on terraces with stone walls. Using planting holes, one or two rows of seedlings were established on each terrace; Seedlings were protected from extreme radiation and predation by biodegradable seedling shelters. The target area was highly degraded due to long-term overexploitation of resources under harsh environmental conditions. Failed previous reforestation actions on bench terraces led to further degradation in some areas. Degradation resulted in lack of riparian vegetation on the ramblas (ravines with intermittent flow), soil erosion, development of gullies, and frequent floods. To address this problem, the Forest Administration implemented a restoration program on the ravines and gullies of the south-facing side of the Albatera-Crevillente mountain range. The program was implemented in 2006-07.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of the restoration was control of concentrated erosion in gullies and ravines; mitigation of landscape degradation; flood prevention; restoration of diversity and cover of vegetation on a degraded semiarid mountain range.

Natural / human environment: The target area is the south-facing side of a mountain range in a semiarid area of Southeast Spain. Exploitation of resources over centuries, mostly grazing and wood gathering, under harsh environmental conditions, led to very low plant cover, mostly consisting of dwarf shrubs sparsed in a matrix of bare soil, lack of riparian vegetation on the ramblas (ravines with intermittent flow), soil erosion, development of gullies, and frequent floods. The exploitation of the land was drastically reduced during the second half of the XXth century due to the general rural land abandonment trend that started in Spain around the 1950’s driven by critical socio-economic changes such as the use of fossil fuels and the sharp increase in activity in the tourism and services business sectors, mostly in the coast land. However, despite the reduction, or even complete abandonment, of rural activity on the mountain range area, there was no sign of spontaneous recovery from degradation. Soil erosion and floods were of major concern for the resource managers in the area (Public Forest Administration), and a number of reforestation and restoration programs have been implemented in the area, with varying degree of success. In more recent decades, new pressures appeared in the mountain area, such as agricultural expansion into the range area (1970s), mining activities (late 1990’s - early 2000’s), and urbanization (2000s). Rural tourism and recreation are new activities in the mountain range area. For the time being, the intensity of these activities is low to moderate. However there is already some evidence of incipient degradation associated to recreation, and some regulation is being demanded by environmental NGOs

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Erosion, water scarcity, low productivity, loss of soil functions (water infiltration, nutrient cycling), low biodiversity, loss of landscape structure, flood risk

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low productivity, aridity, limiting conditions for tree cover, erosion

Plantation forestry: Without exploitation

Forest products and services: nature conservation / protection, recreation / tourism

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fn: Natural

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Forests / woodlands: Fn: Natural

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 240Longest growing period from month to month: from November till June

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• Medidas de curva de nível

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 5.7 m2.

The MST was applied on the south-facing side of Albatera-Crevillente mountain range. The area consisted of a sequence of southeast and southwest-facing slopes with small ravines (barrrancos) in between. The MST was specifically applied to ravines and gullies

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wo: offsite degradation effects

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Ha: aridification, Hs: change in quantity of surface water

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Agricultural land expansion. Starting in 1965, peaking in late 1970’s), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Peaking during 1940’s), poverty / wealth (Poverty)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Peaking during 1940’s), industrial activities and mining (Late 1990’s - early 2000’s), urbanisation and infrastructure development (Last 10 years), droughts, population pressure (Relative demographic pressure given the low productivity of the land), land tenure (Lack of proper land demarcation until late 1990’s - early 2000’s, leading to misuse and mismanagement of public land)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Needed for field implementation: soil preparation, planting techniques)

Technical knowledge required for land users: high (Land users are Forest Administration staff. High technical knowledge is require for the design of technology implementation)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Vegetative measure: Staggered pattern
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 610
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: Olea europaea var sylvestris, Ephedra fragilis, Pistacia lentiscus and Pinus halepensis

Wall/ barrier
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-2
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): variable

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-2
Spacing between structures (m): 4-6
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3-6

Construction material (other): sandbag

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 25%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Euro

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

0,79

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Building small walls and terraces in ravines and gullies	Estrutural
2.	Soil preparation and planting holes	Vegetativo	during winter
3.	Soil and microcatchment preparation	Vegetativo	during winter
4.	Fertilization plantation (holes)	Vegetativo	Winter
5.	Fertilization microcatchment	Vegetativo	Winter
6.	Plantation (in holes)	Vegetativo	during winter
7.	Plantation (microcatchments)	Vegetativo	during winter
8.	Tree shelter placement	Vegetativo	late winter
9.	tree shelter placement (Microcatchments)	Vegetativo	late winter

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	1796,0	1796,0	100,0
Equipamento	Machine use	ha	1,0	853,0	853,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	252,0	252,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost/manure	ha	1,0	154,0	154,0	100,0
Outros	Three shelters	ha	1,0	424,0	424,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					3479,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 5 month(s)

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: Walking Excavator

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil texture is medium (Sandy- loam (dominant))
Soil fertility is low
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Water quality (untreated): For agricultural use only (irrigation)(groundwater)

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

Market orientation of production system: No forestry production

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não bem
Tempestade de vento local	não conhecido

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não conhecido

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?