1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

01/03/2013

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Plastic film technology, sometimes called plastic mulching, is an important breakthrough that can transform traditional agriculture into modern agriculture by helping to circumvent many of the limitations of temperature and moisture. Plastic film is used to cover the surface of the soil in order to increase the temperature, to retain moisture, and to promote the germination of seeds.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Agricultural production by traditional methods is constrained by extremes in temperature and by extremes in the availability of water; freezing temperatures as well as droughts and waterlogging have long daunted farmers. When plastic film is used on the soil, the solar energy absorbed by the soil during the day is retained at night since the plastic film prevents water from evaporating. Higher night time temperatures and higher levels of moisture in the ground promote active micro-organisms, which diminish the need for fertilizer and improve the physical properties of the soil.

Purpose of the Technology: Plastic film can be used in one of two ways. In the first method, the plastic film is spread on ridges of soil, the plastic is perforated at regular intervals, and the seedlings are planted through these openings. In the other method, seeds are planted on the ridges as in the traditional method, and when the seedlings have grown to a reasonable size, the ridge is covered by a plastic film and holes are cut at the position of the seedlings to allow them to pass through the film. Depending on the condition of the film after the crops are harvested, the covered ridges can be used to grow another crop.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Experiments at ICIMOD show that the use of plastic film can, on average, double the crop yield as compared to traditional methods. Previous studies by Lu Rongsen (1994) showed that the plastic film method can increase chilli production by 74%, tomato production by 52%, and the production of garden peas by 31%.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• durante experiências/ pesquisa

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Farmers have traditionally used mulching to retain moisture in the soil and to help plants withstand ground frost. Mulching is useful but has many limitations. Recently, plastic film technology has been successfully introduced to help retain moisture in the soil and to promote seed germination. Since moisture is retained, the temperature of the soil does not drop as low as it would otherwise; this accelerates the growth and the development of both the roots and the whole plant, resulting in good crops and high yields.

Forest products and services: fuelwood

Other forest products and services: Fodder

Constraints of Scrubland

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Comentários:

It was done in demonstration plote

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

The diagram shows a cross-section of a ridge planted using plastic film technology. The plants grow through holes punched in the plastic. The plastic helps to retain moisture in the soil and, in so doing, also helps to increase the soil temperature. Weeds trapped below the plastic are inhibited from interfering with the crop.
The ridges (or beds) are typically 20 m long, 1 m wide and spaced 1 m apart (for access); they are usually 10–20 cm high. The distances shown in the diagram are averages for crops such as chillies where the row-to-row distance is 50–70 cm and the plant-to plant distance is 40–50 cm. These distances vary according to the crop.

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: Increase the temperature of the soil and promote seed germination and emergence, Retain soil moisture and reduce soil erosion

Secondary technical functions: Accelerates the growth and development of roots and plants in areas where the temperature is low dur, Hastens maturation of crops and increase yield and promote good quality crop

Change of land use practices / intensity level

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	The plot of land to be planted is prepared by first fertilizing it with a mixture of soil, compost, and/or farmyard manure. The soil is gathered into parallel ridges, typically 20 m long, 1 m wide, and 10–20 cm high; the distance between two ridges is usually 40–50 cm. For many crops the seedlings are spaced 50–70 cm apart.	Gestão
2.	Method #1 Plastic film (approx. thickness 0.014–0.003 mm) is used to cover the ridges and anchored into the ground. Round holes are punched in the film at regular intervals. Some soil is excavated through the holes and the seedlings are planted through the holes and thoroughly watered. The holes in the plastic are sealed using soil.	Gestão
3.	Method#2 Seeds are sown on the ridges and seedlings are allowed to develop. The ridge is covered in plastic film and the film is anchored. Holes are punched into the plastic at the position of the seedlings so that they pass through.	Gestão
4.	For either method, when the crops are harvested all residue should be removed. Depending on local conditions and on whether the plastic film is still viable, the plastic covered ridges can be reused to grow another crop without replacing the film.	Gestão

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Preparing land plot	persons/day/ha	80,0	3,875	310,0
Equipamento	Spade, secateurs	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0
Equipamento	Plastic film	kg/ha	48,0	1,0	48,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					618,0

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Provide crop support such as staking and removal of excess leaves as required	Gestão

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Support the crops	persons/day/ha	30,0	3,6668	110,0
Equipamento	Bamboo poles	ha	1,0	20,0	20,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					130,0

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

This was a demonstration project conducted by ICIMOD.

All costs and amounts are rough estimates by the technicians and authors.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Water quality (untreated): Also for agricultural use (irrigation)

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Indivíduo

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
long spell of low temperature, frost and snowfall	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Acceptance/adoption:
This demonstration of plastic film technology was used mainly to show that it is viable both in the mid-hills and at higher elevations where temperatures can be very low during the winter season. Plastic film technology can be used to cultivate high-value horticultural crops such as vegetables, strawberries, and melons. In China, it has been successfully used to cultivate more than 80 species (Lu Rongsen 1994).

Driver for adoption:
Improved income for farmers and less time is spent weeding. Greater awareness among farmers is being spread through participatory research and development in rural areas.

Constraints
Plastic film is not always available in rural areas

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Plastic film technology can increase the yield of some crops by as much as 100% as compared to conventional farming. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Since this technology is still relatively new, it will be necessary to continue sharing experiences and to promote awareness.
Plastic film technology can be used to grow crops in hilly areas where the long winter season is usually too cold to support crops. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Need to create greater awareness of the benefits of using plastic film technology in mountain areas

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
As farmers begin to use plastic film technology more plastic is being discarded in rural areas.	Plastic film needs to be retrieved and recycled. In China it has been shown that this is possible.
Discarded plastic film can pollute agricultural lands	Farmers need to be made aware of hazards and encouraged to form networks for collection and recycling the used plastic.

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

The application of plastic film technology in China: Plastic film technology data collected and analyzed in ICIMOD D&T Centre, Godavari. Kathmandu, Nepal: ICIMOD, Rongsen, L (1994)