1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Nepal (SSMP)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

05/11/2008

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Collection of cattle urine in improved cattle sheds for use as liquid manure and organic pesticide

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient for plants, and high crop productivity can only be achieved by making sufficient nitrogen available to crops. Nitrogen is also the most limiting nutrient in farms across Nepal’s midhills. Traditionally farmers applied farmyard manure to fertilise their needs. In many places this is being supplemented or even entirely replaced by inorganic fertiliser - mainly urea. The price of inorganic fertiliser has increased continuously in recent years and it is only available in limited quantities in areas far from the roadheads. On the other hand, cultivation practices are intensifying with increased cropping intensities and more nutrient-demanding crops as, for example, local varieties are replaced by hybrids and new crops are grown. This can easily lead to declining soil fertility and nutrient mining if it is not compensated for by an equivalent increase in organic or mineral fertilisation.
Cattle urine is a viable alternative to mineral fertiliser. Of the nitrogen excreted by cattle, 60% is found in the urine and only 40% in dung. In traditional sheds, urine is left to be absorbed in the bedding material, while excess urine is channelled out of the shed and disposed of. The technology described here - improved cattle sheds- are designed for collecting the urine in a pit or drum. This pit is generally located in the shed itself or just outside connected to the drainage channel through a pipe and protected from rain and runoff. Where urine is collected for incorporation in farmyard manure, the pit may be directly connected to the manure pit or heap. Urine that is going to be used as liquid manure or organic pesticide has to be stored in a drum for fermentation.
A household with two cattle can save the equivalent of purchasing about 100 kg of urea over one year by applying urine either directly as liquid fertiliser or as a component in improved farmyard manure.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Collect fertilizer

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensifying cultivation practices with either 1) inadequate application of fertilisers leading to a decline in soil
fertility and the mining of soil nutrients or 2) application of too much fertiliser causing environmental problems through
excessive leaching, and losses of fertiliser in surface runoff and consequent eutrophication or nitrification of streams,
ponds, or groundwater.

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Não aplicável

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

a) Urine collection and direct
incorporation in covered
farmyard manure pit.
b) Urine collection for later
application as liquid manure or
organic pesticide.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, increase in soil productivity, pest control

Secondary technical functions: supplementary irrigation

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• Por unidade de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Provide slight slope to the cattle shed floor	Gestão
2.	Dig a draining ditch and a collection pit, if possible at the lowest point inside the shed. If this is not possible, an outside pit should be dug, protected from rain and runoff, and connected with the draining ditch through a pipe or a channel.	Gestão
3.	Make the floor as impermeable as possible; e.g. with cement (expensive and durable), stone slabs, soil compaction, or clay (cheap but not durable). The more impermeable the floor, the more urine can be collected.	Gestão
4.	Provide a jug/’decapitated’ plastic bottle/cup/etc. to scoop the urine out of the collection pit into the fermentation drum.	Gestão

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	per unit	1,0	6,0	6,0	100,0
Material de construção	Plastic drum	per unit	6,0	1,0	6,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					12,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.25 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	When the collection pit is full, the collected urine has to be removed from the pit and stored in a plastic drum for fermentation.	Gestão
2.	The urine is applied as liquid fertiliser by jug or through drip irrigation.	Gestão

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

It is clear that cattle or buffaloes are required for urine production. To help farmers to use their own resources,
it is suggested to start with the cheapest and simplest form of urine collection and a compacted sloping floor and a
collection pit within the shed. This allows the farmer to see the benefits of collecting the urine and will encourage them
to invest in more expensive materials to improve the efficiency of urine collection. Cost as in January 2007

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

Altitudinal zone: Also 1000-1500 m a.s.l. and 1500-2000 m a.s.l.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado
• Indivíduo

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Renda e custos

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

The high cost of mineral fertiliser means that the establishment costs are soon recovered. In the long-term, the major reduction in fertiliser cost leads to increased benefits.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Approximately 30% of SSMP supported farmers groups and about 15% none members of SSMP supported groups adopted the tehnology.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The use of urine collected on-farm reduced the requirement for mineral fertiliser which reduced production costs and outside dependency How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promotion of the technology will increase this impact
Human urine can also be used to fertilise crops, but needs to be fermented longer and may be socially less accepted How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote the use of urine further and show there is no problem with using human urine
Applying urine as a liquid manure also irrigates the crops (fertigation) How can they be sustained / enhanced? The link between urine application and drip irrigation, or other forms of smallscale irrigation, should be promoted. It has been tested and applied successfully by farmers related to SSMP in Syangja and Surkhet in western Nepal

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The initial costs incurred whilst improving a durable shed using cement may hinder adoption	Simpler methods such as using clay soil, compacting the fl oor, and using stone slates may, however lead to less urine being collected
Project incentives (cement, plastic drum) have hindered adoption in some places	No incentives should be provided, rather very simple methods should be demonstrated and adapted to local conditions
Urine collection is feasible for subsistence farm households or small scale commercial producers. It may, however, not be applicable for larger scale commercial vegetable producers as a balance between area needed for livestock and growing the crops is needed	Urine could become a tradeable commodity which would see large-scale livestock producers selling their urine to large-scale vegetable producers.

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

STSS; SSMP (2001) Farmyard Manure and Compost Management (in Nepali). Kathmandu: Soil Testing Services Section, Department of Agriculture and Sustainable Soil Management Programme

Disponível de onde? Custos?

SSMP