1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

World Vision (World Vision) - Suíça

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

16/09/2016

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

It is a very sustainable technology as it promotes the natural regeneration of highly degraded areas.

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a proven SLM Technology to restore degraded wasteland and improve depleted farmland. The farmer regu- lates and facilitates the re-growth of existing trees stumps, or self-sown seeds in the soil, and thus promotes soil fertility and through better ground cover, increases protection from runoff and erosion.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Conventional afforestation and tree planting requires considerable inputs, labour and care including suitable seedlings, transport of these, planting and regular watering - and the survival rate in arid and semi-arid climates is often very poor. On the other hand Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a cheap and effective way to restore and improve large areas of degraded and depleted soils. The technology relies on the fact that even in deforested areas, soils often still maintain some active roots systems and viable seeds of native woody plants. Selectively promoted, leaving only a few main shoots, they can grow into trees within a few years. This technology - based on indigen- ous practices - has been successfully promoted by World Vision in eight African countries including Kenya and Ethiopia, and is now also being applied in Indonesia, East Timor and Latin America. Apart from labour and a farmer’s knife, and skills, there are no major inputs required. The farmers like this agroforestry technology a it is cheap and can be easily combined with other SLM technolo- gies such as permaculture, inter-cropping, and mulching. At the same time it can be used at various scales: on small plots of less than one hectare or up to the landscape level where whole hills can be re-vegetated within a short period. And the impact can be very positive on the soil, ecology, cli- mate and health of crops, people and livestock. The farmer can use prunings as rewood, and grow fodder below the trees; tree branches and leaves can serve for mulching and the owers for bees, fruits for consumption and sale. The trees break the winds, protect the soil and (with some species) their shade protects sensitive crops (e.g. vegetables or even coffee) from the sun. The soil’s water retention capacity, structure, biology and fertility improve. All effects contribute to soil, water and climate stabilization. One limitation can be the use of tractors and other machines which, however, are hardly employed by smallholder farmers. Some practical steps for establishing an FNMR site; 1) jointly agree on a target area (be it a eld or communal wasteland) 2) check out the area carefully for existence of woody species (trees, bushes, rootstocks) 3) mark the bushes or trees that should be nurtured into bigger trees (it is recommended to consult local/scientific knowledge on the trees species and their positive benefits) 4) protect the whole area (fences, hedges) or only the chosen trees against grazing and human disturbance 5) when the plants reach a height of 1 m start with pruning, only keeping the 2-3 main shoots, using the prunings for rewood or mulching 6) watering is in most cases not required as the indigenous trees have well-enough developed roots for self- supply 7) the specific cultivation and management practice depends on the trees species selected and the desired results (intercropping with maize, shade trees for coffee, fodder trees for livestock, flower trees for bees etc.) 8) fire and livestock are the are the main threats for a new FMNR site.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.4 Vídeos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2014

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The technology was introduced by World Vision through a public funded project on climate protection and natural resource management. It received the “Total Kenya Eco Challenge Award” in 2016. The introduction was done through the following steps. The project staff were trained on the concept after which they trained Government staff in forestry, education and agriculture department including chiefs and assistant chief who were to turn out to be the entry point/ ambassadors for the concept. Intense trainings, awareness campaigns, practical demonstrations, consultative meetings and observations were conducted. Till now more than 300 hectares of degraded land was reclaimed through FMNR and over 1000 farmers adopted the practice already.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Preserva ecossistema
• Protege uma bacia/zonas a jusante – em combinação com outra tecnologia
• Preservar/melhorar a biodiversidade
• Reduzir riscos de desastre
• Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos
• Atenuar a mudanças climáticas e seus impactos
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

• this technology brings a lot of positive effects on the environment (more water, more carbon and nutrients in the soil, better micro climate etc.) > bullet point 4: other technologies could be contour farming, agroforestry, water harvesting)

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Since only indigenous species are promoted the normal rainfall should be sufficient for their growth.

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

There is no planting required but protection of FMNR plots. The shrubs grow best in the rainy season.

Densidade animal (se relevante):

Livestock is one of the main threats to the technology. It is a very important to keep livestock out of the FMNR areas either by using live fences or mesh wire fences.

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão natural e seminatural de floresta
• Agrofloresta
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 1-10 km2

Comentários:

There are many more project sites facilitated through World Vision in Kenya where this technology is being applied e.g. in Baringo (Wema, Mogotio) and Samburu (Poro).

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

There is also an aspect of management change (M2): allowing the native trees to grow, pruning of upcoming bushes, mulching with tree branches, felling of trees when desired etc.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

FMNR contributes to less soil erosion, more organic matter and more diversified habitats (leading to increased agro-biodiversity).

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo
• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

Comentários:

FMNR contributes to less land degradation and is an ideal technology to restore severely degraded areas.

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

The technical drawing above shows four typical stages of an indiginous tree in a FMNR site:
1) a suppressed shrub, very damaged by roaming animals or human interference
2) if this small shrub experience protection it will regenerate and grow many new branches
3) as soon as a bush has reached a height of 1 m the farmer can start with pruning keeping only a few major branches. This will help the tree to grow high and the farmer can yield branches and leaves for fire wood and mulching. Depending on the growth rate, pruning can be done 1-2 times a year.
4) A mature tree produces also fruits that can be harvested. As only major branches remain enough sunlight will reach the ground to allow the cultivation of crops or gras production.

Slope and spacing can varry a lot (from 5 to 50 m distance) as FMNR is designed to be extremely flexible, giving farmers considerable freedom of individual choice on how to meet their own specific needs, using the free materials at hand (species mix), responding to the specific climate, soils, crop mix, and their own understanding, at the time of implementation. FMNR is being introduced into many different contexts where the environment and species mix, the specific land use (crop land, pasture or forest) and farmer needs, vary from region to region and even from farm to farm.

To date, FMNR has been successfully practiced in a variety of locally adapted ways such as:
- By individual farmers on their own land
- By communities on communal lands and in degraded forests
- By leaving very few trees (10 - 20 / ha), or by leaving very many (150 trees/ ha).
- By focusing on tree species predominantly used to provide firewood and building poles, or on species that have nutritious leaves that feed families or animals. Some use trees that fix nitrogen and can therefore increase the soil fertility for crops.
- Leaving a single stem to grow from a stump (and harvesting when larger), or by leaving multiple stems,
successively harvesting one each year.
- Allowing a single stem to grow into a permanent tree, and then harvesting 1/2 to 1/3rd of the branches per
year (such as pollarding). Pollarding provides larger wood harvests and more rapid re-growth.
- Allowing tree re-growth only on farm borders. The trees are allowed to grow close to each other and are
pruned high up the trunk. As need arises whole trees are harvested and re-growth is allowed to replace
the tree that was harvested.
- Leaving only trees, which are growing approximately in straight lines and moving self-sown seedlings and replanting them within these lines. Within the rows the trees are grown as bushes which are slashed to
ground level during the rainy season, except for single stems that are allowed to grow about every 12
meters. This is done to avoid interference with ploughing and because soil infertility is a major issue,
addressed by mulching with pruned branches.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

KES

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

100,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Plot inspection (to identify and mark potential bushes)	Vegetativo	ideally after harvesting the crops, best time for transects
2.	Plot protection (fencing against livestock)	Estrutural	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
3.	alternatively: Protection measures of single bushes	Estrutural	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
4.	Weeding/ clearance of surplus bushes/ vegetation	Agronômico	all year, during vegetation period
5.	normal farming activities within the FMNR site	Agronômico	after harvesting the crops
6.	Integrating beekeeping and or fodder harvesting	Agronômico	all year, during vegetative period
7.	Thinning or harvesting of fuel wood	Gestão	As per need, dependant on the farmer, all year round

Comentários:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used.

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

Se possível, discrimine os custos de implantação de acordo com a seguinte tabela, especificando entradas e custos por entrada. Se não for possível, dê uma estimativa dos custos totais de implantação da tecnologia:

32600,0

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	plot protection - fencing/ ha	person-days	30,0	400,0	12000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	tree protection - first pruning/ ha	person-days	10,0	400,0	4000,0	100,0
Equipamento	farmer's knife	piece	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipamento	machete	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipamento	rake	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipamento	hand hoe	piece	2,0	450,0	900,0	100,0
Equipamento	leather gloves	pair	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Equipamento	strong gumboots	pair	2,0	2000,0	4000,0	100,0
Equipamento	axe	piece	2,0	700,0	1400,0	100,0
Material vegetal	life fence seeds/ thorns of shrubs / ha	seedlings	1200,0	5,0	6000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	n/a
Material de construção	n/a
Outros	n/a
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					32600,0

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

Comentários:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Pruning of target bushes and trees	Vegetativo	during vegetation period, ideally in the dry season
2.	tree felling	Vegetativo	after vegetation period, after harvesting the crops
3.	Harvesting of grass in FMNR sites not on crops	Vegetativo	During and after rainny season

Comentários:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used for firewood. In places where FMNR is applied to gain timber, branches and firewood in a sustainable way, it has supported to raise more income for households allowing them to meet their basic needs including school fees, medical bills etc.

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Se possível, discrimine os custos de manutenção de acordo com a seguinte tabela, especificando entradas e custos por entrada. Se não for possível, dê uma estimativa dos custos totais de manutenção da tecnologia:

14600,0

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Yearly Pruning of target bushes and trees /ha	person-days	6,0	400,0	2400,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	tree felling of selected trees/ ha	person-days	4,0	400,0	1600,0	100,0
Equipamento	farmer's knife	piece	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipamento	machete	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipamento	rake	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipamento	hand hoe	piece	2,0	450,0	900,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					7200,0

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

Comentários:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Size of the FMNR site and the density and age of trees. Important precondition is fencing off the sites/ protection of trees against livestock. Most of the equipment needed is part of the normal agricultural tool set.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

The data above was provided by Divisional Agriculture officer in Lambwe.

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Sim

Especifique:

High amounts of sodium ions makes the water often saline.

Ocorre inundação da área?

Sim

Regularidade:

Frequentemente

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

The water quality of surface water is poor and sometimes only suitable for livestock. Though due to few safe water sources, the households often have to use the surface run off for domestic use.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

The biodiversity is still higher than expected in comparison to the degree of degradation of the landscape. This might relate to the proximity of the Lake Victoria with its rich fish- and avifauna and Ruma National Park.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

All the above groups participate in the roll-out of the technology. It is relatively new and many are excited about the benefits. Elderly and children (youth and child headed households) need more time do the same work and adopt the technology less enthusiastically. Though Elderly are often key drivers of the technology as they best understand the degree of deforestation and water insecurity and the interlinkages.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

Comentários relativos à avaliação de impacto:

Detailed research has not been carried out on the impact of the technology to provide scientific evidence. However, soil testing is being done and a study on the biodiversity is being conducted.

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Outras mudanças climáticas graduais	micro climate (moisture, less wind & erosion, reduced temperature)	aumento	muito bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem
Incêndio florestal	não bem
Queimada	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação súbita	moderadamente

Desastres biológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Infestação de insetos/vermes	bem

Comentários:

A baseline survey captures also aspects of environmental degradation.

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

FMNR is a low cost technology and brings a good return on investment. Slightly more land is required and mechanisation can become more difficult. Farmers are very optimistic of the long- term results of FMNR since the need for wood is high. Locals have started looking at having trees on farm as an equal investment opportunity compared to crops.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

Over 1000 households reached through training and confirmed practising.

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 90-100%

Comentários:

Most of the adopters start the practice after getting basic training and some of them just through observation of model sites.

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
FMNR is appropriate for both male and female of productive ages though at the introduction depending on nature and size of the farm, men are more advantaged due to labour intensive. However for land with no trees just starting up, it can be easily managed by both sexes. It is also a form of exercise for the aging people thus improving on healthy lifestyle.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
FMNR can be done by anyone/everyone in a household as long as the drive and understanding of the concept is embraced. This includes people with special needs. It is cheap, efficient and refreshing plus satisfying since results are evident in short while. Tree planting survival rate has been low in the recent times following unreliable rainfall, external threats e.g livestock, pests and diseases thus FMNR is the solution to restoring the degraded ecosystems. Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage but since the concept brings income, even external labor is sourced. So the women don't fear getting on with the technology.
FMNR is a low cost technology and brings a good return on investment. Farmers are very optimistic of the long- term results of FMNR since the need for wood is high. Locals have started looking at having trees on farm as an equal investment opportunity compared to crops.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Safety of the farmers during management (thick thorny bushes) and habitat it creates for wild life that could be threats to man e.g snakes, monkeys eat all their crops as birds feed on the seeds too.	Monkeys can be kept out by thorney hedges, birds by mirrors and cats.
Slightly more land is required and mechanisation can become more difficult.	Mechanisation can be done if new trees build kind of hedges.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage and quite labour intensive.	Since the technology brings income even external labor can be sourced.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Enhances Rural Livelihoods in Dryland West Africa, Weston, Peter, Reaksmey Hong, Carolyn Kaboré & Christian A. Kull, Environmental Management Volume 55, Issue 6, pp 1402–1417,2015, ISBN 0364-152X00267-015-0469-1

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Springer, USD 35

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Re-greening the Sahel: farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger, Reij, C.; Tappan, G.; Smale, M., in Millions fed : proven successes in agricultural development, 2009, ISBN 9780896296619

Disponível de onde? Custos?

International Food Policy Research Institute, USD ?

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration Hub

URL:

http://fmnrhub.com.au/

Título/ descrição:

Scaling up Regreening: Six steps to success, A practical approach to forest and Landscape Restoration, World Resources Institute, 2015, ISBN 978-1-56973-861-0

URL:

https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/scaling-regreening-six-steps-success.pdf

Título/ descrição:

In Kenya, Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration is a remedy to Climate Change

URL:

http://www.landscapes.org/kenya-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-remedy-climate-change/

Título/ descrição:

Australian High Commissioner Visits Environmental Restoration Project in Baringo County

URL:

http://kenya.embassy.gov.au/nair/fmnr.html

Título/ descrição:

ICRAF and World Vision facilitate Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration training in Uganda

URL:

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/news/icraf-and-world-vision-wv-facilitate-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-fmnr-training-uganda

Título/ descrição:

Renew The Land - FMNR in Timor-Leste

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ub2K8QGy8k0

Título/ descrição:

FMNR at the International Permaculture Conference (Sept 2011) in Amman, Jordan

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm_qlyvdZ_A

Título/ descrição:

Proven successes in agricultural development: Increasing the Number of On-Farm Trees in Niger

URL:

http://www.ifpri.org/publication/millions-fed

Título/ descrição:

Afrikas Waldmacher (ZDF heute-journal vom 2.9.2016) German video

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgdcbxE-OQo

Título/ descrição:

FMNR regreening projects in East Africa

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElfgcWCmops