1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Kyrgyz Agrarian University (Kyrgyz Agrarian University) - Quirguizistão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

01/01/2004

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Poplars planted to lower the ground water table and reduce salinity
where irrigation drainage systems have broken down; lucerne cultivated between the tree lines.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

In irrigated areas of Central Asia, the drainage system introduced during soviet times has broken down due to lack of maintenance. As a result, water tables have been rising and soil salinity increasing. In the Chui Valley, which is the main crop production area in Kyrgyzstan, approximately 90% of the cultivated land is irrigated for wheat, maize, sugar beet, lucerne and vegetables. Of this, approximately one third (ca. 320,000 ha) is degraded due to loss of fertility, salinisation and waterlogging.
The individual initiative described here - poplar planting - has been applied on a degraded plain (about 400 m a.s.l.), under semi-arid conditions on a plot of 5 hectares. Though initially planted for timber, an important side effect was noted by the farmer in question. Poplar trees, well known for their tolerance to waterlogging and salinity, provide ‘bio-drainage’. Excess water is rapidly taken up by the root system and transpired through the dense foliage. Within the plantation the humidity level of the lower layers of air is increased, thus reducing the influence of the dry, hot winds. A more favourable microclimate for plant growth is thus created. Simultaneously the original purpose of planting - to obtain cheap timber and firewood - is achieved through the rapid growth of the trees: there is a severe shortage of wood locally.
The varieties used include the local Populus alba and Populus nigra as well as a hybrid from Kazakhstan, P. pyramidalis. The trees are planted in rows about 5 metres wide, separated by 10-15 metre strips planted with Medicago sativa (lucerne) and Bromus inermis (a grass), both of which are grown for hay (see technical drawing). Around 3,000 saplings are needed per hectare. The young poplars require irrigating during the first year before their roots can reach the water table. The trees are weeded and their lower branches pruned to encourage straight and fast growth. They are thinned twice before they are 14 years old: these thinnings can be sold. The poplars then remain until they are 20-25 years old and suitable for felling. The output of commercial timber of a poplar plantation is 3,000 m2 per hectare (1 m2 per mature tree). Slow-growing/sick trees, as well as pruned branches, are used as firewood - which can amount to 20-30 m3 per hectare. The cycle begins again after approximately 10 years, when new saplings are planted between the existing, thinned, lines of poplars. Desalinisation of the soil takes 10 years or a little longer, when it again becomes suitable for irrigated cereal cropping.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• durante experiências/ pesquisa

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Irrigation drainage systems have deteriorated (silted up, choked with weeds and reeds) due to lack of maintenance. This has led to a raised water table, waterlogging and increased salinity, thus seriously affecting productivity and making cultivation of some crops impossible. Farmers’ incomes have significantly reduced as a result.

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Sep

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de plantação florestal
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.05 km2.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: legume inter-planting

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Alternating strips of poplar trees for bio-drainage, and lucerne for fodder. Drainage channels (left) are spaced at 50 metres apart.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: lower ground water level, decrease waterlogging & improve soil fertility, reduce risk of salinisation

Secondary technical functions: reduction in wind speed, increased air humidity & cooling effect

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: Poplars (Populus alba, Populus nigra, P.pyramidalis)

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Set up tree nursery one year before planting: take cuttings about	Vegetativo
2.	Demarcate lines in field.	Vegetativo
3.	Dig drainage trenches in the marshy area (50 cm deep, 50 cm wide,	Vegetativo	(end of summer, early autumn)
4.	Plough where seedlings of the poplars are to be planted.	Vegetativo
5.	Transplant tree seedlings from the nursery to the field .	Vegetativo	in spring
6.	Irrigate the seedlings by furrow for one year.	Vegetativo
7.	Protect the area from animals.	Vegetativo
8.	Plant lucerne .	Vegetativo	in first year after planting of poplars

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	All the Labour	ha	1,0	350,0	350,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Machine use	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Animal traction	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	ha	1,0	15,0	15,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	20,0	20,0	1,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	350,0	350,0	1,0
Material vegetal	Nursery	ha	1,0	80,0	80,0	1,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					920,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Prune lower branches of the trees to encourage tall and straight	Vegetativo
2.	Continue protection of the plot (because of lucerne).	Vegetativo
3.	Cut lucerne for hay .	Vegetativo	/4 times per year
4.	Weed control (main weeds are Chenopodium album,	Vegetativo

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	All the labour	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0	100,0
Equipamento	Machine use	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					30,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: shovel, axe, saw

Labour for establishment and maintenance are provided by the farmer and his family. After 10–15 years trees are
thinned for timber and the cycle begins again – with reduced establishment costs: new saplings are planted between the
existing, thinned, lines of poplars. On two sides the plot is protected by a drainage ditch and a concrete canal protect the plot respectively. Furthermore, there is an agreement with the neighbours not to let the animals graze the lucerne. However after the last cut of lucerne animals are allowed to graze the plot.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is very low - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Off-farm income specification: this individual is an employee of the regional agricultural department and has a small business

Market orientation of production system: Thinned poplar saplings, timber and firewood from prunings for market

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

1 household

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: A single farmer has developed this technology. It should be possible to spread the technology among other farmers but financial support (eg interest-free credit) will need to be provided. A recent assessment has showed that there is growing interest in the system by farmers in the region. Additionally, in the lower Yanvan Valley of Tajikistan, a similar bio-drainage system has been described - using poplars and mulberry trees. In that situation wheat is planted in association with the trees.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Positive ecological effect: salinity and area of marshy land can be reduced and waterlogged soils reclaimed How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awareness raising and training of farmers to show the effect of poplar trees on reduction of waterlogging and salinisation.
Rapid benefit through the production of lucerne and grass. Long-term production of valuable firewood and timber (both are in short supply) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Show the economic benefits of additional lucerne production and timber and firewood; demonstrate marketing opportunities.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The implementation of the technology is not possible for all land users due to input and labour constraints	Financial support, better organisation/ share of equipment.
Major benefit from timber production comes only after 25 years	Create awareness about additional short-term benefits, especially firewood and fodder, as well as the long-term effects and the sustainability of the system.
Cannot be replicated by all farmers in the valley at the same density as the market for trees (timber, firewood) will be saturated, and trees can never completely take the place of irrigated food crops: nevertheless the benefits will extend to those growers through the drainage function of the poplars	A new overall production system will have to be worked out for the region.
The case reported here works in its current design because of its isolated ‘island effect’: if more farmer grew poplar, the same bio-drainage effect could be achieved over the whole valley at a lower density of trees per unit area, implying a larger proportion of cultivable land.

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Budaychiev D (2002) The prospects for hybrid poplar forest plantations. Resolving problems and the strategy of reformingagrarian science. News of Kyrgyz Agrarian Academy Vol. 2, Issue 3, 4.1 Bishkek