1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suíça

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Quirguizistão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

The grasslands are used as pastures by a reduced number of livestock belonging to an individual land user.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The around 50 goats are brought to the pastures early in the morning and will be brought back to their stable from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. After this, they will be accompanied to the pastures again. In the morning the west-exposed and in the afternoon the east-exposed pastures are visited. The same rotational scheme is applied over the whole year, which means that the same pastures are visited daily. The pastures are exclusively used by the land user fror more than the half of the year (from autumn to spring). In summer the pastures are also used by the village herd of the nearby village (Karsang). Herding is mostly the task of the land user's sons but sometimes he will accompany the animals by himself. Cows are let out on the pastures in the morning and come back in the evening by themselves.

Purpose of the Technology: The reason for west-facing grazing in the morning and east-facing in the evening is that grass is moist at these times of day. This is also why at noontime animals are not on the pastures. The animals are led slowly by the herder as to not tire them, to make them fatter and to avoid damages on vegetation.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: No special pasture maintenance activities are undertaken.

Natural / human environment: The area is around one hour away from the village which actually controls the pastures (communal pastures). In addition snow lies longer in spring than further down. This means that the village herd only comes here from late spring to late summer, which decreases the pressure on the pastures. Together with the situation in a small depression that protects from high radiation in summer this contributes to the generally better pasture quality (greener, more grasses) compared with the village pastures in proximity to the villages. An important factor contributing to the generally good conservation state are the reduced livestock numbers. They are only reduced because the land user is close to these more distant pastures and the village is quite far away.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The land user has rented land for the establishment of a self-sufficient agropastoral system after independence (early 1990ies). A part of the area was used as cropland when there was still a village (in the middle of the 20th century) whereas other parts of the land were also used as pastures.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Especially in the places where animals pass regularly and where they stay for longer times physical degradation of soils (compaction, crusting) together with the degradation of vegetation (cover and biomass) are major problems. In addition, low fertility is also a problem for vegetation growth.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Water erosion problems associated with wood chopping. And trees wood be very important for climate regulation.

Ranching: Goats, cows

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de pastoralismo e pastagem

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Pk: sealing and crusting, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Big herds passing daily), other human induced causes (specify) (Inappropriate soils used for grazing), education, access to knowledge and support services, governance / institutional (Incapacity of government to implement soil conservation.)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Somoni

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

3,42

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Buying livestock	Reduced livestock numbers

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Outros	Buying livestock	Goats	50,0	87,7	4385,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					4385,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					1282,16

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Herding	Daily
2.	Giving salt to livestock	Twice per week
3.	Fodder for livestock	In winter

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Herding daily	days	365,0
Outros	Salt for animals	for one year	1,0	12,0	12,0
Outros	Fooder for livestock	winter	1,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					12,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					3,51

Comentários:

The only effective costs mentioned by the land user is salt for animals. Other inputs - be it labour or winter forage - does not have to be paid, respectively bought.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Labour input is decisive: As long as work is done by family members costs are restricted on alimentation. If external labour is hired, wages have to be added.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility: Mainly medium, but also low

Soil water storage capacity: low - medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Ground water table: Mostly no groundwater, since very hilly.

Water quality (untreated): Good source water, since no diarrhae after drinking it.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Many medical plants

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are implied in housework, whereas men are working as herders, because of traditions.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

Off-farm income specification: The land user only depends on the rented land, cultivated together with his two sons and their families.

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)
• Comunitário (organizado)

Direitos do uso da água:

• Indivíduo

Comentários:

Pastures are in theory used by village communities, but enforcement of rotational grazing in remote ares is difficult. These pastures are therefore something between communal and open access pastures. The water is used by the land user without any restrictions.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	não bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

On the long term benefits of animal husbandry might be slightly reduced due to damages on vegetation (and soils) by the own and by the animals of the village herd.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 91-100%

Comentários:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The only land user with this form of management known is the one interviewsd

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: This form of management combines an exceptional personal spirit of innovation and financial means to lease land as to establish a self-sufficient system in the hills. It is also necessary to have a truck and / or car to transport goods to the market and to stay in touch with the rest of the family in the village, since it is too small to offer space to all the household members.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Self-sufficiency is the main success for him. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It requires high labour inputs and motivation, which for the land user are necessary to have success in the post-USSR setting.
The animals yield a higher price because they are fatter than the other animals.
The geographic location is clearly an advantage, because the land user is far away from the negative impact of village herds.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
At the same time quite positive for soil and water conservation and productive in terms of meat and sold livestock. How can they be sustained / enhanced? If the land user could rent (parts of the) pastures the interest of planting trees as a measure of rehabilitation would increase.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Trees cannot recover because of constant grazing.	Only if the land user is sure that investments will profit him, that is if land tenure is clarified, will he invest into active conservation measures.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Especially at the crossing-points of the land user's herd with the village herd degradation phenomena (trampling paths) are visible.	By an agreement between the village (land commitee) and the land user the land use could be reglemented clearer.
This form of land use is difficult to maintain for young people who want to participate in social life. And it is not sustainable because it does not permit allvillagers to practice such forms of herding that require much land.	The land user should be able to rent a part of the pastures (smaller than the actually grazed 50 ha) where he would be need to conserve soils and vegetation (for instance. by tree-planting or more sophisticated rotation.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação