1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

GIZ India (GIZ India) - Índia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Quênia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - Índia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

The technology described is aimed at restoring community land by controlling the spread of the invasive plant species known as Lantana Camara

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Community-based soil rehabilitation by eradicating the invasive plant Lantana Camara using the 'cut rootstock' method (refer to WOCAT technology 6660) is an effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable approach to restoring grasslands on common lands in the Mandla District of Madhya Pradesh. The three-tier institutional structure used in this eradication process involved the formation of informal women groups at the hamlet level (village organisational structure), the Village Environment Committee (VEC) at the village level, and an Executive Committee at the cluster level (higher organisational structure) so to ensure community involvement and ownership.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Community-based soil rehabilitation after the eradication of the invasive plant species, Lantana Camara, is an effective technique for restoring grasslands on common lands that had earlier been invaded by this species. The invasion of Lantana Camara can have significant negative impacts on the ecosystem, reducing the diversity of plant life and disrupting the local communities' use of common lands for grazing, for agriculture, and for collecting non-timber forest products.

To address these issues, a three-tier institutional structure is being used by the project-implementing organization Foundation for Ecological Security (FES). This structure includes the formation of informal women groups at the hamlet level, the Village Environment Committee (VEC) at the village level, and an executive committee at the cluster level. The VEC prepares proposals on common issues and plans with budgets that are presented to the executive committee, which is made up of a mix of individuals, with 50% of the seats reserved for women.

The first step in the process is for the village executive committee to take the Gram Sabha (Village Governing Body) into confidence and prepare bylaws for the restoration and conservation of the Lantana-eradicated site. These bylaws are regularly discussed in the village institution meeting to refresh the memory of the community and different stakeholders on how to properly conserve the site. Local resource persons facilitate the implementation of work.

One of the major works undertaken by these communities in the Mandla District is the soil rehabilitation from Lantana Camara for grassland restoration on common lands. The uprooting of Lantana is a tricky process, and improper methods can result in an even more forceful recurrence of the species. Therefore, the "cut rootstock" method is used, which involves cutting the root of the plant three inches below the ground and lifting the bush upside down to prevent it from gaining ground. This method is done between July and September before fruiting to avoid seed fall, which can cause recurrence for up to three years, also this is the time when the soil has enough moisture thus softness to uproot the Lantana plants.

The Cut Rootstock (CRS) method to control the spread of Lantana Camara is cost-effective and sustainable as it does not require the use of chemical herbicides or heavy machinery. In addition to using the CRS method, perching trees are located, and saplings are removed from under their canopies and along the nearby surface runoff zone. Regular monitoring and follow-up actions may be necessary to ensure the long-term success of this method in controlling the spread of Lantana Camara.

To prevent a recurrence, measures such as mopping for three years continuously, planting and seed sowing in areas where rootstocks seem to be less, and grass seed sowing are executed. The community institution ensures the collection of indigenous grass species, which are made into seed balls and sown before the advent of monsoon. These grass seeds germinate and grow in the rainy season, reducing the suitable environment for Lantana seed germination. Revegetation measures involve selecting and planting grazing hardy, fire hardy, and water hardy tree species such as bamboo, Khameer, Java Plum, Karanj (Pongame oil tree), Aonla, Harra, and other non-timber forest product-producing tree species. These plants are selected to create a three-tiered forest and sustainably provide food, fuel wood, and fodder. Once established, they do not allow Lantana to grow.

Biomass assessment is undertaken every year to assess the improvement in the status of the biomass in the plot, and the findings are shared with the community to motivate them to follow the rules and regulations formulated by the village institution. Cut and carry practices are allowed from the second year, but open grazing is prohibited, and Lantana eradication from nearby areas is required while cutting the grass. This helps to bring Lantana under control while sustainably utilizing the grass resources.

This initiative has ensured access to common lands for the local communities, access to fodder and green grass for livestock and the emergence of biodiversity in the area. This initiative is well recognised by Government institutions and policy makers.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2016

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• durante experiências/ pesquisa
• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

FES has done extensive research and studies to find out the appropriate technologies and approaches to remove the Lantana plants and rehabilitate the soil by restoring grasslands

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Preserva ecossistema
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico
• Cria impacto social benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Silvipecuária

Comentários:

The common land in villages which is generally not maintained, so allowing for the growth of invasive species, and unregulated open grazing is restored by the local community in a participatory manner for common benefits.

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

• Sim (Por favor, preencha as perguntas abaixo com relação ao uso do solo antes da implementação da Tecnologia)

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Silvipecuária

Comentários:

The common lands are restored to grasslands in a participatory manner

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Mandla is a predominantly rainfed district of Madhya Pradesh, with agriculture being the mainstay of the local economy. The District receives an average annual rainfall of around 1280 mm, with the monsoon season being the primary source of precipitation.

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Reserva ( suspensão do uso, apoio à recuperação)
• Gestão de pastoralismo e pastagem
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Invasive species are removed and the land and soil are rehabilitated by promoting the growth of indigenous grasses. During the first year, no grazing is allowed. In the second year of restoration only manual cutting/carry of grasses is permitted.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Lantana has several disadvantages including being unpalatable, hindering the growth of other species, reducing the collection of NTFPs (non-timber forest products), and causing soil infertility and erosion. It also provides shelter to wild boar and tigers, leading to human and cattle conflict, and catching fire. Additionally, it has a hard seed cover and can remain dormant for up to 30 years, making eradication difficult.

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo
• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

INR (2023 April)

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

82,12

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Removal of lantana	September-October (After Monsoon)
2.	Preparation of seeds for sowing	Before the onset of Monsoon
3.	Sowing of seeds	Just before the onset of monsoon or during the monsoon (June/July)

Comentários:

The cost for Lantana eradication is being shared between the community institution and project

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Removal of lantana	ha	1,0	7229,0	7229,0	20,0
Mão-de-obra	Land preparation for plantation	Person day	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Sowing of seeds	Person days	2,0	200,0	400,0	100,0
Equipamento	Land preparation for plantation	ha	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	50,0
Material vegetal	Seeds or planting material	Ha	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	50,0
Material vegetal	Cow dung and compost material	Ha	1,0	2500,0	2500,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					12329,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					150,13

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

The remaining cost is being covered by the project funds routed through community participation.

Comentários:

The cost varies based on the density of lantana in the field. Depending on density, it varies from Rs 7729 per ha to Rs 2808 per ha. The work is done in a participatory manner by the local community. For the removal of the Lantana project funds routed, the plantation of indigenous grass seeds, curbing the regrowth of Lantana Camara, etc work is undertaken by the local community.

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Regular monitoring of the plantation area	July to November
2.	Application of compost	June-July

Comentários:

Lantana Camara is a persistent weed, and even after complete eradication from common lands, its seeds can remain viable in the soil for a prolonged period. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the area regularly and prevent re-growth at the initial stage in the next few years.

Since the community works together on common lands in a participatory manner, there is very little maintenance cost involved in the process.

The density of lantana in the field can be categorized into three levels based on the number of bushes per area. A density of more than 1500 bushes per area is considered high density, while a density between 500-1500 is classified as moderately dense. A density of fewer than 500 bushes per area is known as low density.

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Monitoring of plantation area	Person days	12,0	200,0	2400,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Application of compost	Ha	1,0	2000,0	2000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					4400,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					53,58

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

The Project and other Government agencies support by providing the planting material

Comentários:

This being a community-based approach a lot of activities are being done in a participatory way without the involvement of monetary transactions

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The density of lantana in the field is categorized into 3: more than 1500 bushes are considered high density, and between 500-1500 are considered moderately dense, while less than 500 is known as lowly dense. Such categories have a decicive impact on the costs.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

The project area is hilly and forested (Satpura Hill Range) and highly undulating with narrow strips of cultivated plains in the valley portion of the river. The plateau is in the northern part, formed by basalt and east-west trending hill in the southern region. The highest elevation is 934 m amsl in the northern part, and the lowest elevation is around 400 m amsl in the northwestern part of the area. Protected forest areas cover the majority of the site in the District as part of the Kanha National Park.

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil Testing Parameter status (Average) 2017-20 for the project areas is as follows. This data is based on the soil samples tested by the FES in its soil labs from the project villages.
Soil pH:- 5.906548628; EC (electrical conductivity):- 0.122993577; Soil Organic Carbon:- 0.83%; Nitrogen. :- 293.3696598; Phosphorus:- 25.77762582; Potassium (K):- 139.6696636; Sulphur (S):-18.93457993; Zinc (Zn):- 0.955246706; Boron (Bn):- 0.490850376

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Não

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

The groundwater status is within the safe limits as per the reports by the Government of Madhya Pradesh. People use water from rivers, streams, and traditional small wells for domestic purposes. In the absence of good vegetative cover, the rainwater washes off the fertile topsoil from the farmlands making the land barren and resulting in the siltation of ponds and other water bodies. Further, a heavy infestation of invasive species such as Lantana Camara compounds the degradation. The studied block Bichhiya is in a better position in terms of stage of groundwater development with 17%, while the average of the district is 7%. (stage of groundwater development refers to the % of groundwater being used for various purposes from the available groundwater in that area e.g. net annual groundwater availability in Bichhiya block is 9087 ham (hectare meters) while the existing annual ground water draft for all usage is 1523 ham, making it a 17% groundwater development stage)

Source: http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/MP/Mandla.pdf

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

The area is surrounded by Kanha National Park and Phen Wildlife Sanctuary, with a good presence of forest area. World famous Kanha Tiger Reserve is situated in the Mandla District. Kanha is famous for Tiger and Barasingha. Kanha has numerous species of insects, butterflies, reptiles, fishes, and other lesser life forms. Important mammals, birds, reptiles, crustaceans, amphibians, insects, mollusks, and fishes are found in Kanha National Park. The faunal diversity of the district represents 32 wild animals, 63 birds, 4 fishes, and 9 reptile species, respectively. Regarding floral diversity, out of 1006 plant species available in the district, 162 are tree species, followed by 71 species of shrubs, 681 species of herbs, 51 species of climbers, 39 species of grasses, and 2 species of parasites. Mandla is richer in herbaceous species than other adjoining districts like Jabalpur and Seoni.
Source:- Documentation of Biodiversity Status in Mandla District of Madhya Pradesh.
https://mpsbb.mp.gov.in/completedProject/MB.pdf

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

The majority of the landusers belong to the tribal community, including some households from an ethnic community called Baiga.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiga_tribe

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)

Os direitos de uso da terra são baseados em um sistema jurídico tradicional?

Sim

Especifique:

The concerned authorities have issued landowners the land certificates.

Comentários:

Communities have the legal rights for land ownership and other resources. The mentioned intervention is being undertaken on the commons, having legal rights of local self-governance institutions like Gram Panchayat or Joint Forest Management Committees.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

Comentários:

Parts of the District suffer from poor road and transportation network

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Especificar a avaliação dos impactos no local (medidas):

All of the impact areas indicated in the document are based on the discussions with community members, community institutions and project implementing teams. However, a detailed scientific assessment has not taken place so far.

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Incêndio florestal	muito bem
Queimada	muito bem

Comentários:

All of the impact areas indicated in the document are based on the discussions with community members, community institutions and project implementing teams. However, a detailed scientific assessment has not taken place so far.

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

Overall, this is a very cost effective technology without having any negative impact on the human and the natural environment

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 1-10%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

On more than 100 locations common land locations this work has been undertaken

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

This being a relatively new intervention, spontaneous adoption will take some time

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Eradication of Lantana Camara reduces its spread and provided access into the forest areas
The common lands are restored to grasslands
Fodder available for cattle

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Rehabilitation of the soil by eradication of Lantana Camara
Sustainable use of common resources for the purpose of biodiversity restoration
A participatory approach for resolving common issues

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Continuous monitoring of the regrowth of Lantana Camara as the seeds stay dormant in the soil for many years	Monitoring, and promoting growth with indigenous grasses, local trees, etc. so that the land is not kept fallow
Conflict among the members of community institutions for the management of the common property resources	Handholding and training of community institutions

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Currently, the program funds the eradication of Lantana Camara undertaken by the local community	Including the work under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 or MGNREGA
Mechanism to scale up the program participatory approach to manage common land resources	Integrating it with other government schemes

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Ecological Restoration of Lantana-Invaded Landscapes in Corbett Tiger Reserve, India Suresh Babuy Amit Love and Cherukuri Raghavendra Babu

Disponível de onde? Custos?

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43441335

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Impacts of biochar application on upland agriculture: A review Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriyaa,1, Yong Sik Oka,1, Yasser Mahmoud Awada, Sang Soo Leeb, Jwa-Kyung Sungc, Agamemnon Koutsospyrosd, Deok Hyun Moone,∗

Disponível de onde? Custos?

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30616189/

7.3 Links para informações on-line relevantes

Título/ descrição:

Lantana Demo Video

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d80KyKPkDo