1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Alemanha

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Quênia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - Índia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

The application of city compost improves the soil health

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

The use of city compost is a sustainable solution for addressing the problem of waste management and soil degradation. Under this technology, urban municipal waste is composted and used as organic fertiliser in agriculture. This relieves the cities’ waste management, enhances rural soils and in turn improves farm productivity.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

In India, over 377 million people live in almost 8,000 cities or towns. They generate 62 million tons of municipal solid waste annually, according to the country’s government. More than 80% of such solid waste is deposited indiscriminately without treatment at dump yards in an unhygienic manner. In the Indian countryside, the ecological sustainability of agriculture has been at risk due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and monoculture since the ‘Green Revolution’ led to the degradation of land.

City compost is one of the solutions to both problems. Waste collected by municipal corporations is processed to make compost. During this process, organic waste is collected in the cities, recycled, processed to compost, and finally used as organic matter by farmers complementing the traditional farmyard manure. In such manner carbon that is contained in the waste is recycled back into the soil thus enhancing agricultural production.

Nashik Municipal Corporation in Nashik town of Maharashtra State in India has set-up a waste processing plant in the town. This plant processes the city’s organic waste into compost through a scientific process. The processed city compost is packed into bags of 50 kg each and these bags are supplied to fertilizer companies and further on to farmers. There are Government subsidies available to farmers for the purchase of compost bags subject to documentary proofs and other conditions.

Under the “Soil Protection and Rehabilitation for Food Security (ProSoil)” project of GIZ, farmers and FPOs (farmer producer organizations) have been supported for the application of city compost in their fields. Supported by the implementing agency WOTR (Watershed Organization Trust) the city compost application in farmer's fields in 3 districts of Maharashtra namely Ahmednagar, Jalna and Dhule has been introduced. Interventions covered more than 3000 farmers and around 1100 Acres of land. The entire intervention is implemented with the help of FPOs, which procured the city compost from ‘The Nashik Waste Management Centre’ and sold the procured material further to the farming communities. This has ensured easy availability to the farmers without incurring undue travel cost. Farmers applied the city waste compost in their farms during the month of May/June (before the onset of monsoon) to different crops.

City compost was applied to different crop combinations such as paddy-chickpea in Dhule District (moderate irrigation facility), greengram-sorghum in Ahmed Nagar District (Rainfed conditions) and soyabean-wheat in Jalna District (irrigated conditions). Farmers have seen the benefits of city compost across all crop combinations and geographies. The application of city compost has been of benefit to farmers in reducing the usage of synthetic fertilizers along with reducing the dependency on farmyard manure as it is getting scarce day by day. Farmers have also realized the improved soil health leading to better productivity of their farms.

The Indian government has also launched several initiatives to promote the use of city compost in agriculture. For example, the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture provides financial assistance to farmers for the purchase of city compost, and the Fertilizer Control Order allows the use of city compost as a fertilizer. Although developing city waste as compost and its application in the farmer's field is a nascent approach from the India Government and other stakeholders, however looking at the availability of waste, the commitment of the Indian Government through its ‘Clean India Program’ and the vast issue of synthetic fertilizers usage and high subsidy burden, the use of city compost in agriculture has the potential to contribute to sustainable solutions in the area of waste management while improving soil health and reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers in India.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.4 Vídeos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2021

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• durante experiências/ pesquisa
• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Developing city compost is a result of research by various agencies. However, the application of the city compost technology is part of the Pro-Soil project of GIZ.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

• Reduce municipal waste

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Não

Comentários:

The intervention is mostly applied on cropland.

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

• Não (Continuar com a pergunta 3.4)

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Comentários:

The rainfall pattern varied from location to location and farmer to farmer depending upon the accessibility to canals and availability of resources to lift the ground water. Most farmers in Ahmednagar are rainfed farmers while in Jalna they have some irrigation facilities.

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• sistema rotativo (rotação de culturas, pousios, cultivo itinerante)
• Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo
• Gestão de resíduos/gestão de águas residuais

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Application of city compost is an agronomic measure as it needs to be applied every year and is closely linked to the agricultural cycle. The application of city compost adds organic matter to the soil and improves the soil fertility.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Application of city compost can significantly reduce the usage of chemical fertilisers in the soil as it can supply the required nutrients to the soil. It is also a relatively cheap option.

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

INR

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

80,0

4.3 Atividades de implantação

Comentários:

There are no establishment activities involved in the intervention as farmers are buying the city compost and applying it annually in their fields. The establishment of city compost plant is out of the purview of farmers and their institution.

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

Comentários:

There is no establishment cost involved in the intervention as farmers are buying the city compost and applying annually in their fields. The establishment of a city compost plant is out of the purview of farmers and their institutions.

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Purchase of city compost by FPO and transportation to the base location	April/May
2.	Selling of the city compost among the farmers	May
3.	Application of city compost in the field by farmers	May or early June
4.	Mixing of the city compost in soil using the cultivator or rotavator	May/June (Immediately after the application)
5.	Irrigation of the field	Mid June or at the onset of Monsoon (farmers having assured irrigation due with their own sources)
6.	Sowing of the seeds	June or early July
7.	Intercultural operations (Weeding, nutrient management, pest application, crop monitoring)	July-October
8.	Harvesting of the crops	October/November

Comentários:

The timing of these activities may vary a bit based on the crops sown by the farmers or the onset of monsoon rains

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Application of city compost	Person days	2,0	300,0	600,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Irrigation	Person days	2,0	300,0	600,0	100,0
Equipamento	Hired machinery for mixing the city compost in soil	Hours	2,0	900,0	1800,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	City compost	Ton	2,5	1200,0	3000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					6000,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					75,0

Comentários:

The cost towards other operations such as sowing, intercultural operations, pest management and harvesting is not covered here as these costs are not directly associated with the documented intervention.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The cost of city compost is available at a subsidised price of INR 1000 per ton incl. transportation. Non-subsidised prices range at INR 3000 per ton plus transportation. Project farmers could get it at subsidised rates. However, the non-availability of required documents may be a hindrance for farmers to avail the subsidised prices.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

The altitude of district ranges from 500 to 750 meter above sea level. Except a little over 4% area, most part of the district is plain area.

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soils vary from reddish brown to dark grey and are commonly grouped as light to medium black soils. In very few places deep black soil is also observed.

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Sim

Especifique:

As per the water samples collected by the Central Ground Water Board, 73% samples were reported as high salinity water (EC in the range of 750-2250 qS/cm). Please refer to: (http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Maharashtra/Ahmadnagar.pdf

Ocorre inundação da área?

Não

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

A large majority of the area is a water scarce area with a dry long spell being a common feature. As indicated above the quality of water is also poor, which makes it even unusable for irrigation. During the last couple of years there has been enormous efforts to develop the surface water harvesting infrastructure in project areas.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

The western hilly part of Ahmednagar District has forests. Teak, Babul, Dhavada, Haldu and Neem are trees found in these forests. Fruit trees like Mango, Tamarind, Amala, Bor are also found in the District.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Due to poor rainfall patterns and non-availability of irrigation, most farmers are in a position to cultivate only 1-2 food crops in the year. The prevalence of cash crops is very minimal. Farmers have been grouped into 4 farmer-producer organisations formed under the Pro-Soil Project. All of these groups have a good representation of women farmers.

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Os direitos de uso da terra são baseados em um sistema jurídico tradicional?

Sim

Comentários:

All the project farmers have land titles either in their name or their family members' name. These land rights are transferred among the family members as part of the Indian land transfer systems.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

Comentários:

In terms of infrastructure and services, Ahmednagar is well-connected with most services. However, still there is a scope to improve these further to make farmers' life better.

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Especificar a avaliação dos impactos no local (medidas):

Overall, city compost has replaced the usage of synthetic fertilisers

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

Especificar a avaliação dos impactos fora do local (medidas):

The off-site impact can be contributed in terms of the reduction of waste at the waste processing site. However, this may not directly be linked to farmers' application of city compost in their farms.

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	não conhecido
Temperatura sazonal	inverno	aumento	não conhecido
Precipitação pluviométrica anual		redução/diminuição	moderadamente

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Onde de calor	não conhecido
Onde de frio	não conhecido
Condições de inverno extremo	não conhecido
Seca	moderadamente

Comentários:

The technology being very new its long-term impact of it is not well documented or assessed. However, compost in general is good for maintaining soil moisture and thus suited to the conditions of long dry spells.

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

City compost does not have any establishment cost at the farmers' level. In terms of maintenance cost, it is beneficial to farmers both in short term and long run.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 1-10%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

1100

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 91-100%

Comentários:

Most of the farmers have paid the money for buying the city compost from FPOs. Support from the project has been towards creating awareness, setting up the demonstration plots and handholding of FPOs.

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
A good replacement for farmyard manure (dung) as its availability is a challenge due to reduction in numbers of livestock
Improved productivity of major crops
Farmers have observed improvement in soil moisture and soil texture which indicates a better soil health

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
This is an excellent mechanism to promote the waste management and address this long-standing problem of the country
An economically cheaper option to meet the composting needs of farmers thus promoting the natural farming
A good business line for FPOs as city compost is generally not available in the market
In the longer run, regular application of compost can improve the soil organic carbon

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Currently available in Nashik city only which is 150 km from the project area	Collective procurement by FPO and selling it to its members
Prices of city compost are very high at the non-subsidised prices	Farmers can keep their documents updated to get the subsidised compost. Also put up an application to concerned authorities for continuation of subsidy.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Regular supply from the waste processing plants. Many such plants do not operate regularly due to internal and external reasons.	FPOs can undertake some longterm contracts with the company. Also in the long run they can set-up small plants for local-level composting.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.3 Links para informações on-line relevantes

Título/ descrição:

City compost in India – from waste to healthy soil

URL:

https://www.rural21.com/english/covid-19-dossier/detail/article/city-compost-in-india-from-waste-to-healthy-soil.html