1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Oasis gardens in Niger for crop, vegetable and fruit production are supplied with irrigation water from traditional wells.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

In Timia Oasis in Aïr, small irrigated gardens (< 0.3 ha) have been used for over a century, producing dates and tree crops (figs, citrus, cherries, etc.) for sale and cereals for consumption (wheat, maize and pearl millet). With the onion boom in the 1990s, the establishment of new gardens grew dramatically. The new gardens cover a bigger area (0.5 - 1 ha) and focus on cash crops - mainly onions, but also potatoes and garlic. Gardens are fenced using branches from acacia trees. The water supply system in most cases is based on traditional wells with an animal-drawn scoop. The wells are less than 20 meters deep and generally built without a casing. Local experts were trained by GTZ project staff in well construction and maintenance. Modern motor pumps have recently become common and are used in new gardens. Water is conveyed to the plots through a hand-dug network of distribution channels. The channels are lined with clay and stones to minimize water loss through infiltration, evaporation, or breaching. Irrigating a whole garden takes about two hours. There are two cropping seasons per year: the rainy season (June-Sept) with staple crops such as maize and millet; and the dry/cold season (Oct.-Feb.) with wheat-barley associations and cash crops such as onions, garlic, tomatoes and vegetables. Fruit trees covering up to a fifth of the gardens; one section of the garden is reserved for keeping small ruminants. Agricultural residues are used as fodder and manure produced by livestock ensures fertility of gardens in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Traditional techniques (local plants, ash, etc) are used for pest management. Seed production and selection is done strictly locally.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The main establishment activities for this technology are: 1. Identify and demarcate of a free area to be converted into a garden. Fence area with acacia branches and living hedge. 2. Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field. 3. Installation of traditional water conveyance system (Tekarkat): wooden poles hold a pulley which conducts a rope with a scoop for extraction of water from the well. The system is powered by a dromedary. A 5-meter-chute (palm stem or iron sheet) conducts the water to a small reservoir.
4. Mark and dig irrigation canal system and basins for crop cultivation (8 m2): Main canal and secondary canals (perpendicular to main canal) are reinforced with clay or stones. 5. Purchase inputs (local market): seed, seedlings, fertilizer, tools. 6. Plant fruit trees.
Maintenance activities are the following: 1. Maintenance of fence: replace missing branches; plant new tree seedlings to reinforce the living hedge (biannually). 2. Irrigation (daily). 3. Maintenance of Tekarkat and canal system: control (and replace) poles; periodic weeding, cleaning, repair leaks and improve lining with clay/stones (biannually, after harvest). 4. Field preparation and application of organic manure (beginning of each cropping season). 5. Maintenance of well: cleaning (hot season), reinforce walls with cement (if needed).
6. Feeding draught animal using natural grassland and crop residues.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Ces jardins traditionnels ont tendance à être adoptés spontanément. La technologie a été une réponse aux sécheresses successives des années 1970 et 80 qui ont causé d’importantes pertes de bétail dans la région. Les éleveurs nomades ont adopté la technologie pour diversifier leurs moyens de subsistance et diminuer les risques. Depuis les années 1990, 700 nouveaux jardins ont été créés à Timia (comparé aux 100 qui existaient précédemment)

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Desertification, soil erosion by wind and water, chemical and biological degradation of soil

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150

Longest growing period from month to month: Oct-Feb

Second longest growing period in days: 90

Second longest growing period from month to month: June-Sept

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: droughts

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo
• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

Comentários:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (indigenous knowledge, extension from farmer to farmer))

Main technical functions: water spreading, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Fruit trees / shrubs species: fig, citrus, cherries

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Plant fruit trees	Vegetativo
2.	Identify and demarcate of a free area to be converted into a garden. Fence area with acacia branches and living hedge	Estrutural
3.	Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field	Estrutural
4.	Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field	Estrutural
5.	Installation of traditional water conveyance system (Tekarkat)	Estrutural
6.	Mark and dig irrigation canal system and basins for crop cultivation (8 m2): Main canal and secondary canals (perpendicular to main canal) are reinforced with clay or stones	Estrutural
7.	5. Purchase inputs (local market): seeds, seedlings, fertilizer, tools	Estrutural

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Field preparation and application of organic manure (beginning of each cropping season)	Vegetativo	beginning of each cropping season
2.	Maintenance of fence: replace missing branches; plant new tree seedlings to reinforce the living hedge (biannually)	Estrutural
3.	Irrigation	Estrutural	daily
4.	Maintenance of Tekarkat and canal system: control (and replace) poles; periodic weeding, cleaning, repair leaks and improve lining with clay/stones	Estrutural	biannually, after harvest
5.	Field preparation and application of organic manure	Estrutural	beginning of each cropping season
6.	Field preparation and application of organic manure	Estrutural
7.	Maintenance of well: cleaning (hot season), reinforce walls with cement (if needed)	Estrutural

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

Cost calculation is based on local land prices and traditional irrigation systems. Maintenance costs include also fodder (for draught animal) and organic manure. Establishment as well as maintenance costs were calculated for a garden size of 0.5 ha.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

• communal unorganised

• communal unorganised

Comentários:

The land user can be (1) the owner of the garden; (2) a family member managing the family-owned garden; (3) a paid labourer; (4) a usufructuary

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	não bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	não bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

The technology serves a double purpose: food security and income generation

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Since the 1990ies, 700 new irrigated gardens were established in Timia (as compared to 100 gardens)

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
High implementation costs	establish national financial support systems for acquisition of garden area by very poor people
High maintenance costs	promote efficient irrigation technologies that reduce maintenance costs (such as drip irrigation)
Uncontrolled spread of the technology resulting in an overexploitation of groundwater and over-production (e.g. onions)	increase water use efficiency; regulate market and promote agro-industrial food processing
High dependency on climatic factors influencing the recharge of the groundwater level	exploitation of deep water resources through artesian wells and introduction of adapted drip irrigation technologies

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Suchantke, J. and A. S. Soumaila. 2001. Etude cadre pour le programme NIGETIP IV, KfW, Niamey, Niger

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Soumaila, A. S., 2005. Rapport du symposium international sur le développement des filières agropastorales en Afrique organisé par GREAD.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

PPEAP. 2006. Rapport final d’évaluation du projet de promotion des exportations agropastorales

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Ministère du développement agricole. 2008, 2009. Données statistiques sur la production maraichère