1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

An agroforestry system which combines coffee with shade trees - including fruit, timber and leguminous species - in a systematic fashion.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Shade-grown coffee is a traditional and complex agroforestry system where coffee is associated with various other species in different storeys (or ‘levels’). This provides ecologically and economically sustainable use of natural resources. Café arbolado, the example promoted by PRODAF (Programme for Agroforestry Development, see related approach: ‘Agroforestry Extension’) since 1987 is one technical option for shade-grown coffee.
While based on a traditional system the shade-grown coffee technology has a specific layout, and a reduced number of intercropped species. It comprises: (1) Coffee (Coffea arabica) planted on the contour at approximately 5,000 plants per hectare; (2) Associated trees: fruits, most commonly oranges (120 trees/ha), cedar (Cedrela odorata) or caoba (Swietenia macrophylla) for timber (60 trees/ha) and also two legumes, poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) and chalum (Inga sp.) which act as shade trees and at the same time improve the soil by fixing nitrogen (60 trees/ha). Farmers often include bananas in the system. In some cases, orange trees have partly been substituted by avocado (Persea americana), soursop (Anona muricata), and/or jocotes (Spondias purpurea). The latter two command good market prices and do not compete with labour needed for harvesting and other activities; (3) Supportive soil conservation measures on steep slopes to avoid soil erosion, predominantly strips of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) on the contour, retention ditches and soil cover improvement; (4) Fertilizers: both organic and inorganic combined.

Full establishment of a shaded coffee plot can be achieved in two years - after replanting trees which fail to establish. Coffee yields a harvest after two years, but timber from associated trees can be expected after only 25 years. The trees grown in association allow more efficient cycling of nutrients (because of deep rooting and nitrogen fixation) and provide a favourable microclimate for coffee. This production system is well adapted to the local biophysical and socio-economic conditions, characterised by steep erosion-prone mountain slopes, humid climate and small to medium scale agriculture. Based on café arbolado a new, and further developed system of ‘sustainable coffee’ has evolved. This involves certification of the overall process and is attractive to the growing number of environmentally conscious consumers.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Agrofloresta

Comentários:

(1) Coffee (Coffea arabica) planted on the contour at approximately 5,000 plants per hectare; (2) Associated trees: fruits, most commonly oranges (120 trees/ha), cedar (Cedrela odorata) or caoba (Swietenia macrophylla) for timber (60 trees/ha) and also two legumes, poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) and chalum (Inga sp.) which act as shade trees and at the same time improve the soil by fixing nitrogen (60 trees/ha). Farmers often include bananas in the system. In some cases, orange trees have partly been substituted by avocado (Persea americana), soursop (Anona muricata), and/or jocotes (Spondias purpurea)

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Severe deforestation, inappropriate land management practices (monocultures on steep slopes; lack of conservation measures); resulting in physical (soil erosion) and chemical (fertility decline) degradation of agricultural soils, low productivity and low yields.

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Agrofloresta

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing, education, access to knowledge and support services (Falta de conocimientos), Falta de tecnología
Secondary causes of degradation: poverty / wealth (Falta de capital), Falta de fortaleza de legislación / de autoridad

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Clearing of land.	beginning of rainy season (March/April)
2.	Surveying for contour planting of coffee, grass strips, trees etc.	beginning of rainy season (March/April)
3.	Digging holes, fertilizer application.	beginning of rainy season (March/April)
4.	Planting coffee, trees, grass barriers etc along the contour.	beginning of rainy season (March/April)
5.	Replanting coffee that fails to establish in first year.	beginning of rainy season (March/April)

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour	ha	1,0	700,0	700,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings: poró/cedar	ha	1,0	15,0	15,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings: orange trees	ha	1,0	220,0	220,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings: coffee	ha	1,0	1240,0	1240,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	fertilizer	ha	1,0	350,0	350,0
Outros	transport	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					2535,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					2535,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Fertilization	May, July, November / 1–3 times
2.	Pest control (spraying)	May, September / 1–2 times
3.	Application of lime.
4.	Pest control (spraying)	May, September / 1–2 times
5.	Application of lime.
6.	Weed control	Weed control
7.	Pruning coffee	February or March /
8.	Pruning shade trees.

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour	ha	1,0	28,0	28,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	fertilizer	ha	1,0	175,0	175,0	100,0
Outros	transport	ha	1,0	127,0	127,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					330,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					330,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: shovel, machete, knapsack
The costs of planting coffee are included. Shade-grown coffee is an integrated production system, and thus costs for coffee and the agroforestry component cannot be disaggregated.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Off-farm income specification: subdivision of land (through inheritance), improved communications linking the capital with rural areas, and a better system of education all provide for increased off-farm income earning opportunities

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology. There is a slight trend towards growing spontaneous adoption - after the end of the programme. However, the crisis triggered by the big drop in coffee prices has had a negative impact on adoption of the technology. Many coffee farms have been abandoned specially those located under 800-900 m a.s.l. where coffee is of a lower quality due to climatic conditions.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Increased overall crop production and diversity: coffee, fruit, timber, legumes
Different crops harvested at different periods, gives better distribution of labour (and income) throughout the year; participation of all family members; increased food security and minimal economic risk
Improved profitability.
More efficient use of nutrients, nitrogen fixation, lower inputs of fertilizers.
Increased pest resistance, lower external inputs of biocides. Coffe plants continue to produce over 25 years due to optimal microclimate (only 15 years in conventional system without trees). Production system adapted to steep erosion prone slopes, thus a productive alternative to simple afforestation. Not labour-intensive compared with structural measures of SWC. High commercial potential of environmentally friendly produced coffee due to new market trends. Price increase for agricultural inputs has favoured a shift from conventional to shade-grown coffee, the latter being a system with a higher ratio of applied inputs/harvested yields although total production is usually lower than in modern coffee plantations.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Slight decrease in production of coffee per hectare compared to the conventional pure stand	Compensate by additional benefits: wood production, fruit, etc.
Short-term negative cost-benefit ratio in the first 4–5 years: Costintensive technology in the establishment phase.	Identify fast growing species or species providing intermediate products.
Timber harvest only in the long term (after 25 years)

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

PRODAF . Sistema agroforestal – Café arbolado, Ecología y economía para el progreso, Puriscal, Costa Rica. 1994.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Neuenschwander E . Agorforstwirtschaftlicher Kaffeeanbau als Lösungsansatz für eine ökologisch nachhaltige Bodennutzung der Hanglagen inCosta Rica: eine Fallstudie im Rahmen des WOCAT Programms, unpublished MSc thesis. 2002.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Science Faculty, University of Berne, Centre for Developmentand Environment