1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Quirguizistão

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

CARITAS (Switzerland) - Suíça

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Orchard based agroforestry established on the hill slopes of Muminabad

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Between 1993 and 94 an individual farmer initiated an orchard by planting a mix of fruit trees, such as apricots, walnuts, cherries, almonds and mostly apple trees in the rainfed hill zones of Muminabad District.
In the first couple of years 416 newly planted seedlings were watered manually: water was brought by trucks near to the plot and distributed to the seedlings with buckets. The orchard was established on the existing grazing land and therefore the seedlings had to be secured with a fence from livestock grazing nearby. First hard wire was used for fencing. Simultaneously, hawthorns (Dulona in Tajik) were planted along the fence in order to provide even stronger protection and establish a live fence for the future. Now, the fruit trees are fully-grown and fruits can be harvested every year. The farmer prunes trees annually, which is the key for fruit production. The farmer pointed out that in rainfed areas soils contain less nutrients and usually big trees do not produce high yield. Furthermore, pruned tree branches are used as firewood. The farmer also applies the pesticides B52 and B58, three times a year in the months of April, May and June. The total area of the plot is 1.03 hectares, whereof 0.60 hectares are orchard; Esparcet is covering roughly 0.30 hectares, 0.07 hectare is for haymaking and the rest of the 0.06 hectares is used for growing chickpea and wheat. There is also a road for machinery to pass and to turn around when plowing the land.

Purpose of the Technology: Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union, the government officials distributed land to the villagers. The farmer always had a big interest to establish a small orchard and he obtained little more than a hectare of land. It is his project for retirement. He and his family worked hard throughout the establishment phase. They experimented by planting a variety of vegetables including melons and watermelons. The wild animals ate many of the vegetables and melons, what resulted in the farmer's idea of intercropping Esparcet.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: According to the farmer, the first two years were very labor intensive and crucial to establish the orchard. He also had to face a challenge posed by the community, as overnight people from the nearby villages stole roughly 100 of his newly planted seedlings. This is one of the reasons why the farmer had to plant hawthorn in order to establish a live fence. In summary: The establishment phase included planting of young seedlings; manually watering for the first two years; plowing in between the tree rows by machinery; building a fence around the plot and planting/sowing hawthorns. Maintenance activities consist of the following activities: planting new seedlings; pruning of existing trees; grafting new sorts of trees, plowing by tractor in between the tree rows annually; chickpea and wheat cultivation; application of chemical pesticides three times a year. For cutting wheat, the farmer gets support from his son and friends. Every day, he goes to his orchard, which is located at a distance of more than 1.5km from his house. When this technology was documented he was about to build a small clay hut in his orchard.
It should be noted that the terrace structure was not implemented at once, but over the years tilling in between the tree rows along the contour lines formed terrace shaped rows.
The structure of terraces has been built over the years by tilling in between tree rows along the contour lines.

Natural / human environment: Muminabad is situated in the southwest of Tajikistan (Khatlon Province) and its hills are covered by loessial soil. Winter temperatures are low and the amount of precipitation is high. Summers are very hot and dry. The growing season lasts from March/ April to September/ October.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Agrofloresta

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion by water, heavy rainfalls, absence of vegetative cover on the hill slopes.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion by water, extensive grazing, gully erosion.

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Extensive grazing led to a reduction of soil cover, which is the major source of erosion), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Removal of trees left the soil unprotected against precipitation and extreme weather events), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Trees were cut as firewood for fuel consumption), overgrazing, land tenure (Land abandonment after Soviet collapse), governance / institutional (Lacking istitutional support)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (More extreme rainfall events), floods (As a result of extreme events there are more floods in the region)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Somoni

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

4,83

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Digging a deep barrier for protection around the plot with a bulldozer, 1 day	once (1993)
2.	Plowing in between the rows by tractor, labor, petrol and rent for one day	once (1993)
3.	Planting fruit trees, 3 days by 3 persons (3-5 Somoni per seedling, 3 Som/ seedling planting)	once (1993)
4.	Watering young seedlings for the first couple of years by truck (60 TJS per truck)	one day a week/ 50 times a year
5.	Construction of fence with hard wire and haw thorn (approx. 320m)	once
6.	Buying and replanting of 100 stolen fruit seedlings	once

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	4629,333	4629,33	100,0
Equipamento	Machine use	ha	1,0	227,833	227,83	100,0
Equipamento	Petrol	l	20,0	1,14	22,8	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	Pieces	516,0	0,621	320,44	100,0
Material de construção	Hard wire and pillars	m	320,0	1,4556	465,79	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					5666,19
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					1173,12

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Tractor ploughing, labor, petrol and rent, 1-2 hours, 2 persons	spring, once a year
2.	Soil loosening around trees, 5-6 days, 3-4 persons	spring, once a year
3.	Pruning of the approx. 400 fruit trees (3 TJS per tree)	every year
4.	Bringing water from village and watering (40 liters a day,20l on each donkey, 3 h for walking and watering)	every day
5.	Applying pesticides, 1 person, 7 days (5 hours per day)	Three times a year: April, May, June
6.	Sowing wheat and chickpea (1 person, 2 hours)	spring, once a year
7.	Cutting wheat and chickpea (2 persons, 4 hours)	autumn, once
8.	Harvesting fruit trees (3.6 TJS per fruit tree)	autumn, once a year

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	4493,5	4493,5	100,0
Equipamento	Machine use	ha	1,0	10,3	10,3	100,0
Equipamento	Petrol	l	20,0	1,14	22,8	100,0
Material vegetal	Pesticides	kg	0,25	186,0	46,5	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	pc	1,0	3,7	3,7	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					4576,8
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					947,58

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The technology was established during the Soviet Union and most of the expenses were calculated on the price basis of that time. If technology is priced by current prices, the total sum would be very high and no farmer would be able to afford. Thus, current prices were not identified. Nowadays, machinery cost, buying hard wire for fencing and buying seedlings would be the most costly factors.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

40% of the land users are average wealthy.

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado

Comentários:

Land ownership is based on the land user certificate conferred by the government.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	não bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

After 6 years income is very comparable to the establishment cost

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

98% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

2% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

5 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Cost of the technology is very expensive, which discourages farmers to implement orchards based agroforestry.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Grafting trees especially apple and pear trees on native hawthorns is an affordable and sustainable way of creating orchards in semi-arid areas with rainfed agriculture. Hawthorn is a plant adjusted to dry areas with strong and deep roots, which endures the hot summer months. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Tree nursery workshops and educational programmes about local species through seed associations
Intercropping wheat, chickpea, flax and Esparcet in between the tree rows gives an extra economic incentive and also improves land productivity. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Knowledge raising, inspection of those good practices by other farmers
Haymaking with natural grass and Esparcet provide the farmer with an opportunity to produce hay for the winter months for his livestock, so that he does not need to purchase it from the market at high costs.
The farmer practices pruning on a regular basis to keep the trees in good shape for better fruit production, but also to have sufficient fire wood for the winter months.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Compared to other plots with orchards there is almost no soil erosion which is mainly due to good land management practices, e.g. the slow building up of terraces. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Sustain the practice of contour ploughing

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
It is expensive to establish such orchards nowadays, because of the high cost for purchasing seedlings and hiring other machinery.	See comment below
Growing new seedlings and grafting trees is a cheaper way of establishing a new orchard, but it is not commonly practiced among the farmers in the region.	There should be a tree nursery workshop in order to raise awareness among the young generation of farmers.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Since the orchard is located in a rainfed area, hot summer months make the technology vulnerable to drought. To some extent the technology is tolerant to dryer summers, but maybe not for prolonged droughts (e.g. two successive drought).	The farmer has suggested that grafting fruit trees on native hawthorn (dulona) trees has potential for farmers when establishing orchards in rainfed areas. In extreme events (extremely dry years), the farmer brings water for supplementary irrigation from his house by donkey.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação