1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

GEF/OP12 Gansu Project (GEF/OP12 Gansu Project) - China

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Belts of trees, planted in a rectangular grid pattern or in strips within, and on the periphery of, farmland to act as windbreaks.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Shelterbelts to protect cropland are a specific type of agroforestry system comprising certain tall growing tree species. Such shelterbelts around farmland help reduce natural hazards including sandstorms, wind erosion, shifting sand, droughts and frost. They also improve the microclimate (reduced temperature, wind speed, soil water loss and excessive wind-induced transpiration) and create more favourable conditions for crop production. Thus the establishment of shelterbelts plays a crucial role in the sandy drylands that are affected by wind and resultant desertification
especially during winter and spring. Where there is irrigation, the shelterbelts protect the infrastructure from silting-up with wind-borne sediment.
Strips of tall growing species (15-25 m) of poplar (Populus spp.) or willow (Salix spp.) were originally (from 1960s onwards) planted in a 400 by 600 m rectangular grid pattern within extensive areas of cropland, with an extra belt of windbreaks on the windward side (against the prevailing wind). Generally, the distance effectively protected is 15-25 times the tree height. Strips are of variable width, consisting of 2-5 tree lines (1-3 m apart) with trees planted every 1-2 m within the lines. Selective felling is used to maintain adequate growing space and the protective effect of the trees.
The impact of the shelterbelts depends on the planting pattern of the trees (the format of strips and grids), the orientation of the shelterbelts in relation to the wind, the spacing between, and the width of each strip and the type of trees planted. The specific design is primarily based on preventing the negative effects of wind, but depends also on local conditions such as the layout of the land, the location of the roads, farm boundaries and irrigation canals. Ideally the tree strips are perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, and the angle between the strip and the prevailing wind is never less than 45 degrees. The structure of the strips determines the way the wind is controlled, ranging from blocking the wind
to letting it diffuse through semi-permeable shelterbelts. The best effect is achieved if the wind is not blocked entirely, as this can cause turbulence.
The ownership of the land and the shelterbelts still rests with the state, but management has been more and more transferred to individual households. On condition that the impact of the shelterbelt is not affected, the local forestry agencies now allow some felling of mature trees - on a rotational and selective basis, for timber and firewood. Pine trees (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and P. tabulaeformis), which command high value as timber for construction, and fruit (and cash) trees like the apricot tree (Prunus armeniace) are increasingly used.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

USA and domestic.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduzir riscos de desastre
• Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Agrofloresta

Comentários:

Trees/ shrubs species: Poplars (Populus spp.), willows (Salix spp.), increasingly also pine (Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolic

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Strong winds in the winter and spring result in serious natural hazards including sand storms, sand encroachment and wind erosion, while dry and hot winds in the summer increase transpiration leading to plant stress and reduced crop yields.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low yield and intensive wind blow in winter and spring.

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

• Sim (Por favor, preencha as perguntas abaixo com relação ao uso do solo antes da implementação da Tecnologia)

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Agrofloresta
• Quebra-vento/cerca de árvores

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil, Eo: offsite degradation effects, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), poverty / wealth (Lack of captial)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge), Lack of enforcement of legislat./authority

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• USD

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	1 Planning / designing of shelterbelt.
2.	2 Selection and collection of trees seedlings.
3.	3 Clearing and preparing land for planting of shelterbelt in	late autumn and spring
4.	3 Clearing and preparing land for planting of shelterbelt in
5.	4 Pits for planting the seedlings are dug	4 Pits for planting the seedlings are dug
6.	5 Tree seedlings are planted	late spring
7.	6 After planting each seedling is watered for up to two years.

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Mainly collection and planting	ha	79,0	1,2	94,8
Equipamento	tools	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Material vegetal	tree seedlings	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					124,8
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					124,8

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

USA and domestic projects

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Watering	after planting /timely
2.	Pruning of trees.
3.	Pest and disease control within shelterbelt.
4.	Intermediate/ selective tree felling.

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Watering and Pruning	ha	7,0	1,2	8,4	100,0
Material vegetal	tree seedling	ha	1,0	3,0	3,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					11,4
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					11,4

Comentários:

The costs are calculated according to current standards/costs. The original planting is paid for by the state: replanting
and maintenance are the responsibility of the land user. If pines are the species of choice for re-planting, the cost
is considerably more than that shown above (which relates to poplar and willow).
Assuming: shelterbelts of 600 m by 400 m; each strip has 5 lines of trees (3 m apart), 2 m between trees within lines: resulting in 104 trees/ha, including the cropland between the strips (density within strips is 1666 trees/ha). Labour for establishment (104 trees): Land preparation, planting 10 days and 15 days for watering, weeding, etc (for first 3 years).

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The most important factors to affect the costs are seedlings (No.) and machine.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility: low -medium

Soil drainage / infiltration: good

Soil water storage capacity: medium

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

80% of the land users are average wealthy and own 35% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: farmers benefit from the shelterbelts as a source of off-farm income, through fodder, timber and firewood

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

• communal/state

• individual (see Annex T3 for remark)

• individual (see Annex T3 for remark)

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

40 households in an area of 100-1000km^2 (10-50 persons/km^2)

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

40 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The technology has not spontaneously spread beyond the areas developed through government intervention.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Reduced wind speed and trapped wind-blown sand particle How can they be sustained / enhanced? Combine deciduous and evergreen trees to maintain shelterbelt’s protective function throughtout the year.
Increased crop yield How can they be sustained / enhanced? Extend shelterbelt technology to unprotected croplands.
Increased cash income How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve rotational felling regimes that maximise quantity and quality of tree products (timber; fruit etc) without reducing the shelterbelt’s protective function. In Inner Mongolia apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) and in Gansu Province the Chinese dates (Ziziphus jujuba) are increasingly used.
Apart from their effect on the wind, the overall benefits of the shelterbelts - for timber, firewood, fruits and fodder for animals - outweigh the loss of cropland occupied by trees How can they be sustained / enhanced? Experience over 40 years has demonstrated that narrower trees strips and smaller grid size (100 by 200 m) would increase ecological efficiency, but due to higher costs and potential competition with crops, the spacing of the shelterbelts has mostly remained as it was originally.
From 1960 onwards, approximately 22 million hectares – of vulnerable cropland have been protected in eastern Inner Mongolia Editors’ comments: In China, a total of 1.84 million km2 suffer from desertification related to sand storms, shifting sands and wind erosion, making up 19% of the total land area. In those dry and desertified zones, farmland is barely productive, even with irrigation. The construction of shelterbelts in this northeastern part of China has had multiple benefits that outweigh the loss of cropland. However, maintenance has become an important issue with the changes in China’s land use laws. This is one of two examples of windbreaks amongst the case studies in this book. Remark: In the 1960s, all land ownership and land use rights in China were communal and cropland was farmed collectively by village communes. After reform and open policy was put into practice in 1978, land use rights were transferred to the villages, to groups and individuals. Land itself and the shelterbelts however still belonged to the state. Nowadays the rights to cultivate specific parcels of land, within protected blocks, are generally granted to individual farm households. In some cases, in recent years, the shelterbelts too have been redistributed to individuals to look after. Inevitably maintenance has become an issue. But most of the shelterbelts are managed well. 3.2.8: If farmer cuts mature timber (for example a 40 year-old poplar), he/she can sell it for US$ 20–25 per tree. With maturity of shelterbelts, the timber production increases, which brings increasing economic benefits; meanwhile, the effect of protection from wind erosion also improves.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Loss of land due to area used for the shelterbelts	In this wind-prone part of Inner Mongolia, overall gains from the protected zones compensate for the reduced area under crops, especially if economically valuable species are planted in the shelterbelt, such as Caragana korshinskii, which can be used as forage, for 'green fertilizer' through leaf mulch and for firewood.
Competition for sunshine, fertilizer and water	Pruning of branches and digging of ditches to prevent roots penetrating the adjacent cropland
Farmers lost the right to crop the tree-occupied land (since the shelterbelts belonged to the state). Originally, farmers were not allowed to fell trees	Nowadays the local forestry department permits farmers to occasionally cut trees, which is a source of income. If land users were allowed to cut trees on a more systematic basis, it would help them to better appreciate the benefits.
High cost (labour and money) for establishment	Government support required.
Shelterbelts comprised of single tree species are less resistant to pests and diseases Shelterbelts consume more water	Combine trees and shrubs/ different species, which improves both resistance and also the protective effect. But they also help in drainage (where this is a problem) through lowering the ground water table and simultaneously reducing salinity. Appropriate tree species need to be selected and bred.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

China atlas. China atlas publishing house, P 52.. 1999.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Zhao Yu, Jing Zhengping, Shi Peijun, Hao Yunchong et al. Inner Mongolia soil erosion research remote sensing was used in Inner Mongolia soil erosion research, Science publishing house, P25.. 1989.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Inner Mongolia forest department, Forest work manual,12, P33-34, P67.. 1998.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Synthesized investigate team in Inner Mongolia-Ningxia, CAS. West of northeast Forest in Inner Mongolia autonomy region, Science publishing house, P82-101.. 1981.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Sun Jinzhu. Natural condition and reconstruct in Hetao plain, Inner Mongolia people' s publishing house, P188-189.. 1976.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Inner Mongolia forest Department. Inner Mongolia autonomy region forest statistic data,P75.. 1987.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Hu Chun(chief editor). Inner Mongolia autonomy region climate resources about agriculture, forest and animal husbandry, Inner Mongolia people's publishing house, P45-47.. 1984.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Water and soil conservation bureau, Yellow River irrigation works committee of Department of water and electricity. Water and soil conservation economy benefit thesis collecting, P45-47.. 1987.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Zhang Pangchuen, A study on the benefit of shelter belt in the south part of Kerqin sand to agriculture increase in production. Journal of arid land resource and environment. Vol.4, no.1, P11-87.. 1990.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Sun Jinzhu,Chen Shan(chief editor). Inner Mongolia environment alarm beforehand and repair countermeasure. Inner Mongolia people's publishing house, P132.. 1994.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Compilation Committee of Inner Mongolia Forest Inner Mongolia Forest, Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1989,299–319. 1989.