1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

Seminomadic individual herding [Tajiquistão]

Pasture management by a single herder, assisted either by an employee or by his own grandchildren, in collaboration with the habitants of the nearby village Karsang.

• Compilador/a: Christian Wirz
• 23/02/2010 00:00

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Extensive grazing of sheep and goats by the means of a precise rotational scheme

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Half-year herding with 500 sheep, goats and cows (very few), with 7-8 different locations of the herder's tent. The herder visits each place twice to thrice per grazing season and stays in one place for one week to maximally one month (during the Ramadan period, due to limited forces). The area is grazed from the higher zone (around 2000m) to the lower zone (around 1600m) twice per season, in a sort of circle. Every day the herder starts in another direction from his tent and leads the animals to the pastures, once in the morning and once in the evening. He passes a stream once (autumn) to twice (summer) a day.

Purpose of the Technology: The grass should not get dusty and dirty, explaining why the herder daily changes the pastures, only revisiting the same places every two to three days.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: After accompanying his father as a child and a kind of an apprenticeship (of one year) later on, M. is considered by the villagers as a good herder and they give him their animals for herding. But M. applies for land on the forest department only after working as a guardian and as a tractor driver for 20 years. For the herding profession observing the animals precisely is necessary, in order not to lose any of them. And the maintenance of the pastures is guaranteed by the strict rotational scheme.

Natural / human environment: The pasture-area is in a generally well-conserved state. Moderate to high values of fractional vegetation cover can be observed and only few signs of recent erosion processes (through water) are visible. The area is characterised by steep slopes where still signs of past tree-planting during the USSR period are visible by some trees, many little platforms made for tree-planting and a few terraced areas. Eventhough, many trees have been grazed and do not stand anymore. Besides steep areas there are small, quite flat areas (where the herder installs his tents), that used to be cultivated (wheat) till 1966. These areas generally have low cover-values and signs of rill-erosion, which the herder attributes to the past tilling activity. However, it might also be the trampling and sitting of the animals (staying near the herder's tent at noon-time and during the night) causing this erosion. Nutrient management is provided for by the dung of the animals which is not collected, contrarily to the pastures near the villages.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

País:

Tajiquistão

Região/Estado/Província:

Region of Republican Subordination

Especificação adicional de localização:

Faizabad

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3 km2.

The half of the herded area is rented by another person from the village, who gives his animals to the herder. Apart from the interviewed herder there are varying numbers of other semi-nomadic herders with similar management practices, some of them from other regions.

Map

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2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• Como parte do sistema tradicional (>50 anos)

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

There are traditional herding peoples like Kuagwates, Kaleks, Lakais, Duramanes, Kurtshaliks), not Tajiks. These often move around with their whole families.

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Pastagem

Pastagem extensiva:

• Pastoralismo semi-nômade

Tipo de animal:

• caprinos
• ovelhas

• cows

Espécie:

caprinos

Contagem:

500

Espécie:

ovelhas

Contagem:

500

Comentários:

Livestock density (if relevant):

< 1 LU/km2

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The trampling of the animals near the tent, the feeding on young trees and the daily passage of the herd of a limited number of streams (eutrophication).

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): No major land use problems due to good management. Only the first rain that cannot be absorbed by the dry soils is a problem.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: sheep* / goats* / cows

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 270Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Jun

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de pastoralismo e pastagem

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Medidas de gestão

• M1: Mudança no tipo de uso da terra
• M4: Principal mudança no calendário de atividades

Comentários:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Deteriorização química do solo

• Cn: declínio de fertilidade e teor reduzido de matéria orgânica (não causado pela erosão)

Degradação biológica

• Bs: Qualidade e composição de espécies/declínio de diversidade

Comentários:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Causing Pc, Bc, Wt), droughts (Causing Pk, Pc, Ha), degradation of near-village pastures (The pressure on more distant areas increases)

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (passed tilling with impact on Wt), floods (Intensive rains causing Wt), land tenure (Little interest in tree-planting if land can only be rented annually)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

Especificações técnicas (relacionada ao desenho técnico):

Daily and seasonal rotation.

Location: Above Karsang. Faizabad / Tajikistan

Date: 05.08.09

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (Obeying to what the herder says)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (It is necessary to know how to lead animals, more than in the case of the common pasture-area)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, control of fires, palatable fodder

Change of land use type: From afforestation and limited use as cropland to extensive grazing

Major change in timing of activities: Introduction of a strict rotational grazing scheme

Autor:

Christian Wirz, Switzerland

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• USD

4.3 Atividades de implantação

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

The costs are valid for a herd of 250 animals kept by the herder alone for six months and additional 250 animals kept during summer holidays with the help of additional workforce. The salary indicated was not valid for 2008 (the grandsons helped the herder), but for years when M. hires external workforce. For all costs, including 50 own animal, prices in 2008 are taken.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Buying an own herd and looking for the animals are the most expensive factors, expecially if there are sick or dead animals.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zone: Pasture area around 1600 to 2000 m

Landforms ridges: Small, not so steep areas where the tent of the herder is installed

Landforms mountain slopes: The pasture area is generally very steep

Slopes on average steep (31-60%): The areas mostly frequented are steep

Slopes on average very steep (>60%): The areas dominating spatially are very steep

Slopes on average hilly (16-30%): Ridge areas

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average shallow: Most grassy areas

Soil fertility is low: on the surface of 300 ha the summed up dung of 500 sheep and goats cannot compensate for the loss of topsoil by wind and water

Soil drainage / infiltration is good: Generally high infiltration capacity enhanced by high vegetation cover values

Soil water storage capacity medium (dominatig the area): Loamy soils and high cover values, but generally little trees and dried vegetation in August

Soil water storage capacity can also be good: Near the streams higher water retention, according to herder

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Water quality (untreated): Locals drink the water, but are affected by diarrhoea

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Diversity higher than near the villages, but not comparable with biodiversity hot-spots

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Herding is considered as a male profession, inherited from father to son. In nomadic peoples the whole families are mobile and women are responsible for domestic work.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

100% of the land users are rich (100).

Off-farm income specification: The herder claims to nourish himself and his wife with the income from herding. But, once he willl not be able to work as a herder anymore, he might depend on off-farm income from his children (remittances)

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres climatológicos

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Comentários:

A possible adaption to dryer conditions would be smaller herds.

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

4 Years ago a herd of 400 animals had to be sold due to disease. Since then M was able to rebuild a herd of 500 animals. On a short term investing into animals is expensive but pays quickly. The maintenance costs are finally decisive, but quite constant.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

1 Household

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The herder gets paid by the villagers for taking care of their animals

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: According to the herder, young people do not (want to) bear the very physical work.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação