1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia.

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

FAO Bangladesh (FAO Bangladesh) - Bangladesh

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) - Bangladesh

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) - Bangladesh

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia sustentável de gestão de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Alternative Drying and Wetting (AWD) is a practice in rice cultivation which decrease water use, while having no impact on rice yield. It also decreases the amount of methane into the atmosphere and fuel consumption of water pumps.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabganj and Naogaon regions of Bangladesh geographically belong to High Barind Tract (HBT) of Bangladesh under Agro Ecological Zone (AEZ) 26. This region is the hottest region of the country where water scarcity is a common problem. The annual precipitation is 1410 mm and the farmer is habituated to use deep tubewell underground water for their crops operated by Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA). Rice is the common crop in this region and in Boro season (from November to March) rice consumed the lion share of underground water through flood irrigation. And this flood irrigation system is very traditional cultivation method resulting the underground water table is consistently going down for heavy extraction by shallow or deep tube-well.

It is not always necessary to keep standing water in rice fields for its maximum production like aquatic plant. To address these problems ‘Alternate Wetting and Drying’ is a good choice, because it is not necessary to keep the water standing throughout the whole growing season of Boro rice (wet rice). In this method 20-25% less water is consumed, which may save approximately USD 30 per hectare.

After 10-15 days of transplanting of rice seedling shallow standing water can be allowed and then the field can be drained and wetted alternately. To implement this method, first a perforated plastic pipe is installed to examine the water level and irrigate the rice field when necessary. The 25 cm long and 7-10 cm diameter perforated pipe is installed vertically. Only the lower 15 cm of the pipe should be perforated so that water can enter and exit, and then the pipe should be installed so that the non-perforated portion remains above the ground to protect it from debris.

In a leveled rice field of one hectare, seven to eight pipes are enough to monitor water depth. 10-15 days after seedling transplanting the AWD method can start. In each irrigation, the water level should reach 5-7 cm from the above the soil in wetting regime, and when the water level goes down to the soil level in drying regime, then the field can be irrigated again. This can continue until the panicle initiation stage. Then from panicle initiation to the milking stage, the field should be irrigated with 2-4 cm of water (also wetting regime). After the milking stage, the AWD can be continued until two weeks before harvesting from April to May (depending on rice variety).

Promotion of AWD in Bangladesh has been piloted and tested by different organisations like Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) and Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) during 2008 to 2010. In HBT, the quantity of groundwater is continuously decreasing, so farmers applied AWD without installing the pipe. The farmers are experienced with this technology long-ago and know that the cracks appeared when the groundwater goes down to 18-20 cm below soil surface. When the farmers saw the "hair like crack" in their rice field, they irrigated. BMDA introduced the pre-paid card for irrigation, so the farmer irrigated his rice field several times when he saw the field cracks. The aim is to save money as well as to save groundwater.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra
• durante experiências/pesquisa
• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

- From long ago, farmer observed "hair like crack" in rice field that indicate water goes down in 18-20 com
- Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) has set up a lot of research plot on AWD use
- Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) also has projects to install AWD in farmers field through demonstration

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos
• Atenuar a mudanças climáticas e seus impactos

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Não

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• No (Continue with question 3.4)

3.4 Water supply

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

3.5 Grupo de gestão sustentável da terra ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de irrigação (inclusive abastecimento de água, drenagem)
• Gestão do lençol freático
• Tecnologias de eficiência energética

3.6 Medidas de gestão sustentável da terra contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Because the cultivation technology in rice cultivation remains the same as before, except of the new irrigation regime, only S7, M2 and M4 are actually part of the measures associated with the new technology.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• USD

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Timing (season)
1.	Plastic tube installation	March - April

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour for plastic tube installation	Person-day	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Equipamento	Plastic tube	Number	20,0	0,64	12,8	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					17,8
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					17,8

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Calendarização/frequência
1.	Land preparation (cleaning land, repairing border, repairing canal etc. manual work)	January - February
2.	Plowing	January - February
3.	Seedling transplanting	January - February
4.	Irrigation in different vegetative and reproductive stages	January - May
5.	Fertilization	January - April
6.	Herbicide and pesticide application	January - March
7.	Harvesting	May - June
8.	Threshing	May - June

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Land preparation	Person-day	6,0	5,0	30,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Seedling transplanting	Person-day	37,0	5,0	185,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Herbicide and pesticide application	Person-day	8,0	5,0	40,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Irrigation	Person-day	18,0	5,0	90,0	100,0
Equipamento	Power tiller rent for plowing	Machine-hour	16,0	2,0	32,0	100,0
Equipamento	Sprayer	Machine-hour	24,0	1,0	24,0	100,0
Equipamento	Cost for irrigation	Machine-hour	22,0	2,5	55,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seed	kg	15,0	1,3	19,5	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Chemical fertilizer	Kg	70,0	0,35	24,5	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Manure	Kg	1500,0	0,05	75,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Herbicide and pesticide	Kg	18,0	2,4	43,2	100,0
Outros	Labour for harvesting	Person-day	24,0	5,0	120,0	100,0
Outros	Labour for threshing	Person-day	10,0	5,0	50,0	100,0
Outros	Labour for drying	Person-day	4,0	5,0	20,0	100,0
Outros	Labour for repairing spray machine	Person-day	2,0	5,0	10,0	100,0
Outros	Labour for cleaning plastic tube	Person-day	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					823,2
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					823,2

Comentários:

For the sake of completeness, all recurring costs relating to rice growing have been listed here. However, the recurring costs for AWD technology are actually only those related to irrigation (work for irrigation, patching and cleaning). Irrigation pump installation and maintenance cost belongs to BMDA, the farmer have no responsibility on irrigation pump. They just purchase irrigation water through pre-paid card.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

- Irrigation according to wetting and drying regimes

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Posições convexas

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Não

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado
• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Indivíduo

Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

Sim

Especifique:

In Chapai Nawabganj, there are two types of land viz. Government owned and (popularly known as Khas land) and public owned land. The public owned land has registered to a person and that person paid tax to Government in yearly basis, this is the way of traditional legal system.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	increase or decrease	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		increase	bem
Temperatura sazonal	estação seca	increase	bem
Precipitação pluviométrica anual		decrease	bem
Precipitação pluviométrica sazonal	verão	decrease	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Tornado	moderadamente

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	muito bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 11-50%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 91-100%

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Easy to monitor irrigation schedule in AWD method. Farmer able to understand about dry and wet regime of rice cultivation that reduce the irrigation cost.
This Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) system enhance the tillering of rice resulting yield would be higher than traditional continuous flooding cultivation system

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
AWD facilitate drying rice field for certain period. This practice inhibit the chemical reaction of nitrogen fertilizer that emit low greenhouse gas
Water is the most demandable input and in AWD system the requirement of irrigation water become low that reduces input cost
Potentials for scale-up of this AWD method, because the groundwater scarcity became increase that would be popular to all farmer

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Magic pipe is not available everywhere	Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) support them to use AWD
Technical knowledge	Sub-Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) and resource farmer provide technical support

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Technical knowledge of land user	Consultation with SAAO and resource farmer
Misunderstanding on yield to use AWD; Land user think yield is lower when using Alternative Wetting and Drying method	Show results by taking farmers to visit demonstration plots, field day, cross visit etc.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Bangladesh Rice Research institute (BRRI), Gazipur

Available from where? Costs?

Internet, free

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

Use of irrigation water saving technology (AWD) in rice field

URL:

http://www.knowledgebank-brri.org/Rice_Production_Training_Manual/Day_2/Module_7/Factsheet%204%20-%20water%20saving%20technology%20(AWD).pdf

7.4 General comments

In the case of annual crop cultivation, the questionnaire should be revised.