1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - Afeganistão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

An integrated community-led initiative has been established to restore the degraded forests in Paktya province. This initiative focuses on setting up nurseries and incorporates both indigenous and scientific knowledge to cultivate climate-resilient species, such as Cedrus deodara and Pinus gerardiana. These efforts have enhanced the community’s knowledge and skills in sapling production and transplantation, leading to significant improvements in the productivity of these key species, which holds substantial ecological, social, culture, and economic value.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The technology is being applied in the communities of Ahmad Aba and Sayed Karam districts in the province of Paktya focusing on restoration of high conservation value forests. It is implemented through direct support of 13 Forest Management Associations (FMAs).
Key members of forest management associations participated in capacity building focused on community -based natural resources management (CBNRM), establishment of community-based nurseries and restoration of degraded forest .The aims of the capacity building initiative were to enhance the ability of the associations to restore the degraded area and implement sustainable practices, particularly through establishment of community-based nurseries, production of saplings and subsequent planting of these saplings in targeted restoration sites .
Over the past three years, 67 nurseries have been established, focusing on climate- resilient species such as Cedrus deodara and Pinus jerardiana, walnut among others species by integrating both indigenous and scientific knowledge. Indigenous knowledge includes practices such as pre-irrigation, the use of animal-powered initial plowing with hand-held hoes, weed removal, and other traditional techniques. Scientific recommendations include improvement of sapling production, adaption of soil inoculation with Mycorrhiza, species-specific sowing methods, controlled temperature management in greenhouses, effective watering/irrigation techniques (manually and using sprinklers).
The project has significantly enhanced sapling production and transplantation for reforestation purposes. The community-based nurseries were established using carefully selected seeds, chosen based on seed quality, sowing timing, and the process of breaking seed dormancy. Saplings were then raised in the nurseries for the first 2 to 3 years until, they are ready for transplantation. These saplings are then transplanted to the degraded forest areas. The land preparation and digging of pits was carried out in the restoration sites before the transplanting has started. After the successful transplanting of saplings, they are taken care of by the forest management associations. Additionally, mechanical pests and diseases control measures were taken to produce saplings in community-based nurseries. These interventions have raised community awareness regarding forest condition and management and thereby enhancing their capacities to improve the forest cover.
Major activities include: site assessment and pre-planning, selection of high conservation value tree species, site selection, technical training on site management (preparation of soil, sowing method, irrigation management, greenhouse) and capacity building of the communities and beneficiaries on nursery soil mixture preparation, breaking of dormancy using different techniques, sapling production and transplantation.
The 13 Forest Management Associations (FMAs), are legal institutions for the management of natural resources, hold a license for reforestation activities in degraded forests and are officially registered with Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL). FMAs are responsible for the implementation of the measures and the communities have committed to the transplantation, irrigation and regular patrolling of the saplings.
The goal of the reforestation efforts is to restore biodiversity, ecosystem restoration, enhance the capacity of local community on methods of in-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation, creation of a recreational site, raising the awareness towards mitigation of climate change, ultimately, to improve the life condition of rural populations. The application of technologies offers cost-effective and eco-friendly restoration of the high conservation value forest especially of pine nut (Pinus jerardiana) and deodar (Cedrus deodara). Additionally, it provided work opportunities and income generation for 100 families. The technology is well-suitable for replication and adaptation in the local context. As a result, the local community consistently produce the necessary saplings for reforestation and supply them to the project with reasonable cost every year.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.4 Vídeos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2021

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Preserva ecossistema
• Preservar/melhorar a biodiversidade
• Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Não

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

• Não (Continuar com a pergunta 3.4)

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Comentários:

Nurseries irrigated through full irrigation. However, after the transplantation of saplings, supplementary irrigation is required till to five years. when they have established may be rainfed irrigation enough.

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de plantação florestal
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• Coleta de água

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo
• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• Por unidade de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• USD

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Site assessment and selection for establishing nurseries	October
2.	Land preparation and filling of polybags with soil mixture	November
3.	Purchasing of local seed (walnut, Pinus jerardiana, Pinus eldarica, and Cedrus deodara)	November
4.	Breaking dormancy of seed in soil bed or in room using different techniques	December
5.	Irrigation after seeds are sown in raised beds and polybags	15, 30, 45 DAY
6.	Construction of plastic tunnels, seeding in raised beds and polybags	November
7.	Transplantation of saplings after 2 to 3 years to the restoration area	March

Comentários:

In this section the establishment of nurseries and production of saplings is in focus and not the transplantation of saplings to the areas to be reforested.

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Land preparation (plowing of land, filling of polybags)	Man-days	4,0	5,0	20,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Irrigation (using jerry can for irrigation)	Man-days	8,0	5,0	40,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Construction of tunnel	Man-days	2,0	5,0	10,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Sowing of seeds	Man-days	2,0	5,0	10,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Metal worker	Mand-days	2,0	5,0	10,0
Equipamento	Shovels	PC	4,0	3,0	12,0
Material vegetal	Seed (Pinus jerardiana)	Kg	2,0	12,5	25,0
Material vegetal	Seed (Pinus elderica)	Kg	2,0	12,5	25,0
Material vegetal	Seed (walnut)	Kg	52,0	4,0	208,0
Material vegetal	Seed (Cedrus deodara)	Kg	1,0	12,5	12,5
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Fertilizer (UREA & DAP)	Kg	26,0	1,0	26,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Mycorrhizal affected soil	Kg	1000,0	0,05	50,0	100,0
Material de construção	Green net	Kg	25,0	7,0	175,0
Material de construção	Transparent plastic	Kg	25,0	5,0	125,0
Material de construção	Steal bar (12 mm)	Kg	330,0	1,0	330,0
Material de construção	Polybags	Kg	30,0	3,0	90,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					1168,5
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					1168,5

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

The project offered material support

Comentários:

Fertilizer applied at beginning one time

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Weed management	frequently
2.	Pest and disease control and management	Frequently
3.	Dead plants are replaced by cultivating seeds in the nurseries (10%)	Second year of cultivation of seeds (spring)
4.	Irrigation	Frequently

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Weed management	Man days	6,0	5,0	30,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Pest and disease control and management	Man days	3,0	5,0	15,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Reseeding for exchanging dead seedlings	Man days	3,0	5,0	15,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Changing plastic and green net seasonally	Man days	3,0	5,0	15,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Irrigation (using Jerry can)	Man days	10,0	5,0	50,0	100,0
Material de construção	Transparent plastic	Kg	25,0	5,0	125,0
Material de construção	Green net	Kg	25,0	7,0	175,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					425,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					425,0

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

The project covered 100% of the costs for tools and services.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The most important factors that affecting the cost is material needed to construct the plastic tunnel and cost of seeds.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Não

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Source of off-farm income for land users are private business, livestock, government salary and foreign country employment.

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)
• Comunitário (organizado)

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Arrendado

Os direitos de uso da terra são baseados em um sistema jurídico tradicional?

Sim

Especifique:

Land use rights are based on the local system. Each village holds land use rights based on their tribal structure, referred to as "contribution," allowing them to derive benefits from their land. The land used for the nursery is privately owned, while the restored area belongs to the community and is accessible only for those with user rights.

Comentários:

N/A

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

Comentários:

N/A

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura sazonal	verão	redução/diminuição	moderadamente
Precipitação pluviométrica anual		aumento	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

The initial cost of restoration is high when seedlings are purchased from local markets, which increases the cost per hectare. However, if the seedlings are produced in community-based nurseries, the restoration cost decreases significantly due to the lower expenses associated with establishing the nursery and transplanting seedlings from local sources

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 1-10%

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 11-50%

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
The establishment of nurseries and transplanting of saplings in reforested area was easy to adapt to the local context and has been successfully replicated by others to produce seedlings and support
The application of this technology has made it easier to restore the high conservation value forest species at a cost-effective price and created income generation opportunity for the local people
The local community has learned and gained experiences in afforestation and reforestation efforts, becoming familiar with restoration of important species that hold significant economic and ecological value
Livelihood of local community has diversified, beyond reliance on private business and traditional agriculture.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Prior to the introduction of this technology, saplings were not available in the local market. Now, sapling of high conservation value forest species can be found, although the price remains high at 500 Afghani (AFNs) for each sapling
Costs of afforestation have decreased compared to purchasing saplings from neighboring districts
The saplings species used were more adaptable to the local climate and have survived well after transplantation

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Initial capital for investment and purchasing goods	Providing subsidy to local community
The high price of seed and scarcity to be purchase from local market	The solution is to collect the seed locally by the community and propagate in own nureseries

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Nursery management required continuous care and regular follow-up by technical staff.	Regular visit and follow up
Insufficient care of the nurseries, such as inadequate weeding and untimely irrigation, can affect the quality saplings.	Precautions and care should be the responsibility of the owners.
Irrigation management is most crucial in the nurseries and need extra knowledge of water requirement of the planted species	Conduct water management training for the owners.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.3 Links para informações on-line relevantes

Título/ descrição:

There is information available online related to FLR in Afghanistan

URL:

URL https://www.fao.org/in-action/forest-landscape-restoration-asia/country-profiles/afghanistan/afg-gef-project/en#