Water Resource Users Association for the management of water resources in a river sub-catchment. (Кения)

Описание

WRUA are associations of water users and riparian land owners who have associated for the purposes of cooperatively sharing, managing and conserving a common water resource.

Aims / objectives: The overall objective is to facilitate everybody in the river sub-catchment with sufficient and good quality water supply even during dry spells. Further objectives are to conserve the water catchment, to manage the resources properly, to preserve riverine forests and the riparian ecosystem, stop pollution and establish water use rules that are broadly accepted.

Methods: The WRUA is an association of stakeholders who wants to achieve the objectives mentioned above. During the regular meetings each stakeholder can raise his voice, express his needs and vote in a democratic manner. For outsiders and the government it is also an official contact in terms of water resources.
The WRUA members arrive at a decision together and thus lead to a sustainable development. Together, they accomplish the activities mentioned below.

Stages of implementation: First, a WRUA needs to register at the regional WRMA (Water Resources Management Authority) office, this ensures legal security for the WRUA. The WRMA provides the WRUA with technical and administrative advisory and is part of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The members of the WRUA conduct a water abstraction survey in the sub-catchment to identify all legal and illegal water abstractions. It is crucial to know the accurate water flows before you can conserve the water resources. The goal is to convince illegal abstractors to apply for a permit to legalise the abstractions. The WRUA organises meetings, called barazzas, with the local chief and the riparian land users. In these meetings special conservation measures applied in the riparian area are discussed together with land management specialists. The conservation measures are cutting of water guzzling trees, planting of water-friendly indigenous trees, raise public awareness of pollution, rehabilitation of riverbanks and introduction of new technologies like drip irrigation and rooftop water harvesting.
To raise public awareness of the importance of the riparian area, the WRUA members conduct a pegging campaign along the main river of the sub-catchment. The water act 2002 dictates a riparian area of at least 6 metres on either side of the river. This area is being delineated to indicate the location of the protected to the land users.
During water shortages (for example a dry spell), the WRUA publishes rules for water abstractions to ensure water supply for all land users.

Other important information: Furthermore, the WRUA is an important tool for stakeholders for communication and conflict management related to water resources. Due to the immense importance of water for ecosystem services a proper management of this resource is required.

Местоположение

Местоположение: Embu, Eastern Province, Кения

Географическая привязка выбранных участков
  • 37.47208, -0.42689

Дата ввода в действие: 2000

Дата завершения: н/п

Тип Подхода

Цели подхода и благоприятные условия для его реализации

Главные цели/ задачи Подхода
The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (conflict management, water resource management, )

The objective of implementing a governmental promoted association was to counter the numerous conflicts that have arisen around water resources. The water resources were distributed inequitably and the riparian ecosystem was damaged. Therefore WRUAs were built to improve water quality and increase water quantity by implementing protective measures in riparian zones, mediate conflicts concerning water, stop river pollution and establish water use rules.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The WRUA was formed when some non-riparian water abstractors had no more water because the river was running dry. Meanwhile also bad land use practices in the riparian zones of Kapingazi river diminished water quality. Due to forest clearing close to the river, the soil lost its water storage capacity, even worse indigenous trees were replaced by water guzzling trees like eucalyptus. The knowledge about conservation measures in the riparian areas was very low.
Условия, содействующие применению Технологии/ Технологий в рамках Подхода
  • Нормативно-правовая база (землевладение, права на земле- и водопользование): The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights greatly helped the approach implementation: Every land user has the responsibility for his own land plot. Like this it is easy to address somebody to implement protective activities. Also water abstractors have a big interest to prevent low flows, because if low flows occur, they cannot abstract any water.
Условия, затрудняющие применение Технологии/ Технологий в рамках Подхода
  • Социальные/ культурные/ религиозные нормы и ценности: Some land users are affiliated with their land use practices and are not willing to change them. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Constant promoting and convincing of sustainable land use practices and conservation measures.
  • Наличие/ доступность финансовых ресурсов и услуг: There were not enough financial means to acquire seedlings for the promotion of tree planting in the riparian area. Treatment through the SLM Approach: In 2011 the money was given by the Water Services Trust Fund to buy seedlings and distribute them among the riparian farmers.
  • Другие: The awareness of people concerning riparian protection is very low. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Members of the WRUA disseminate the knowledge about the protection of the riparian zone and try to convince them.

Участие и распределение ролей заинтересованных сторон

Заинтересованные стороны, участвующие в реализации Подхода, и их роли
Какие заинтересованные стороны/ организации-исполнители участвовали в реализации Подхода? Перечислите заинтересованные стороны Опишите роли заинтересованных сторон
местные землепользователи/ местные сообщества WRUA members, riparian land users. Patrols stay in contact with land users The land ownership is traditionally designated to the husband of the family. Therefore 90% of the participants at the barazzas were men.
эксперты по УЗП/ сельскому хозяйству WRMA
государственные власти (отвечающие за планирование или принятие решений) WRMA (Water Resource Management Authority) Chiefs organised barazzas.
Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ на разных стадиях реализации Подхода
нет
пассивное
внешняя поддержка
интерактивное
самоорганизация
инициирование/ мотивация
x
Water users formed a group in 2000 where they discussed their problems concerning water abstraction and riparian protection.
планирование
x
The local land users as members of the WRUA and advisor from WRMA developed the method how to implement the protection measures.
выполнение
x
The implementation took place at barazzas with local chiefs. The associated riparian land users came together and were informed by the members of the WRUA and a land use specialist about the advantages of riparian protection. The different measures like tree planting and introduction of Napier were communicated. Water unfriendly trees like Eucalyptus were recommended to be cut. Also, the background of water quality and improved drought resistance were teached. Seedlings were distributed.
мониторинг/ оценка
x
The monitoring is made by the WRUA. Members walk regularly along the river and point out positive and negative examples.
Research
x
Схема реализации Подхода

The Chart shows how WRMA and WSTF support the WRUA with knowledge, technical advisory and financial assistance. The WRUA, composed of land users, is in contact with the land users via the chief.

Автор: Manuel Fischer (Güterstr. 12, Bern, Switzerland)
Принятие решений по выбору Технологии УЗП

Решения принимались

  • исключительно землепользователи (по собственной инициативе)
  • в основном землепользователи при поддержке специалистов по УЗП
  • все участники как часть процесса совместных действий
  • преимущественно специалисты по УЗП после консультаций с землепользователями
  • исключительно специалисты по УЗП
  • политики/ руководители

Принятие решений было основано на

  • анализ подробно описанного опыта и знаний по УЗП (принятие решений на основе подтвержденных фактов)
  • результаты исследований
  • личный опыт и мнения (незадокументированные)

Техническая поддержка, повышение компетенций и управление знаниями

Следующие мероприятия или работы являлись частью Подхода
Повышение компетенций/ обучение
Обучение было предоставлено следующим заинтересованным лицам
  • землепользователи
  • местный персонал/консультанты
  • WRUA
Тип обучения
  • в ходе работы
  • обмен опытом между фермерами
  • опытные участки
  • общие собрания
  • курсы
Рассматриваемые темы

The most recent knowledge in riverbank protection and land conservation was communicated by the WRMA to the WRUA and from the WRUA to the land users. Subjects treated are planting of waterfriendly indigenous trees and chopping of water guzzling eucalyptus trees, as well as riverbank stabilization with trees and Napier grass. Furthermore, pollution prevention and new water-saving land use technologies are discussed.

Консультационные услуги
Консультационные услуги были предоставлены
  • на полях землепользователей
  • в постоянно функционирующих центрах
Name of method used for advisory service: Technical advisory; Key elements: Land use advisory, Administrative advisory; The WRMA provides technical training for the WRUA members concerning planting of waterfriendly/water guzzling trees, riverbank stabilization with trees and Napier grass, pollution prevention, new water-saving land use technologies and also climate change issues that rose recently. The WRUA wrote also a sub-catchment management plan in cooperation with WRMA advisors.

Advisory service is very adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; There is a good cooperation between WRMA and WRUA.
Институциональная поддержка
Какие институциональные структуры были укреплены или вновь созданы
  • нет
  • да, немного
  • да, умеренно
  • да, существенно
на уровне
  • местные
  • региональный
  • национальный
Опишите организацию, функции и ответственность, членство и т.д.
Тип поддержки
  • финансовая
  • повышение компетенций/ обучение
  • оборудование
  • seedlings
Подробнее
The necessary seedlings were bought from local CBO's (Community based organisations) or private tree nurseries.
Мониторинг и оценка
bio-physical aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: WRUA members control pollution and implementation of the conservation measures. management of Approach aspects were regular monitored by government through observations; indicators: WRMA controls the progress of the approach There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation There were no changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation

Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка

Годовой бюджет мероприятий по УЗП в долларах США
  • < 2000
  • 2000-10000
  • 10000-100000
  • 100 000-1 000 000
  • > 1 000 000
Precise annual budget: н/п
Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (Water Services Trust Fund): 100.0%
Землепользователям были оказаны/предоставлены следующие услуги или меры стимулирования
  • Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка, предоставляемая землепользователям
  • Субсидии на отдельные затраты
  • Кредитование
  • Другие методы или инструменты стимулирования
Финансовая/ материальная поддержка, предоставленная землепользователям
The seedlings were distributed to the land users for free
профинансированы частично
профинансированы полностью
сельскохозяйственные: семена

x
Knowledge

Meetings

x

Трудозатраты, вложенные землепользователями были

Анализ влияния и заключительные положения

Влияние Подхода
Нет
Да, немного
Да, умеренно
Да, существенно
Сумел ли Подход помочь землепользователям внедрить и поддерживать технологии УЗП?

Water quality has been improved, riverine wildlife habitats have been enlarged, water storage capacity of the riparian zone has been ameliorated, vegetation cover and biodiversity have been increased.

x
Сумел ли Подход расширить возможности социально и экономически уязвимых групп?

x
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

Neighbouring communities also installed Water Resource Users Associations to manage the water use. Since 2002 this process was supported by the governmental institution WRMA.

x
Основные причины, побуждающие землепользователей внедрять УЗП
Долгосрочная устойчивость мероприятий в рамках Подхода
Могут ли землепользователи самостоятельно (без внешней поддержки) продолжать применение того, что было реализовано в рамках Подхода?

They just have to keep applying the conservation measures. Public awareness raising and patrols by the WRUA have to continue.

Заключительные положения и извлечённые уроки

Сильные стороны: по мнению землепользователей
  • Water conflicts between water users are a problem in many communities. Water Resource Users Associations are a way to mediate among stakeholders. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Regular meetings of the water users.)
Сильные стороны: по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов
  • The WRUA Kapingazi is a community based organisation (CBO) that was started voluntarily and gets supported lightly but steadily by the government. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: A balance between too much and too little support must be maintained so that neither the voluntary structures are destroyed nor the support is too small.)
  • With a good management of water resources and modern land use technologies, the productivity of the area can be sustained. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Meetings to share water resources equitably and promotion of modern land use technologies.)
Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски: по мнению землепользователейвозможные пути преодоления
  • If the land users do not want to adopt the promoted technologies and suggestions, the success is questioned. More efforts on awareness raising can convince more people.
Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски: по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистоввозможные пути преодоления

Справочные материалы

Составитель
  • Manuel Fischer
Editors
Рецензент
  • Nina Lauterburg
Продолжительность применения Технологии: 23 июля 2013 г.
Последнее обновление: 12 июня 2017 г.
Ответственные специалисты
Полное описание в базе данных ВОКАТ
Связанные данные по УЗП
Документирование осуществлялось при участии
Организация Проект
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International