Подходы

Plan of preventive silviculture (PSP): implementation of firebreak network within a forest intervention area (ZAU) [Испания]

Plan de selvicultura preventiva de incendios en los sistemas forestales de la Comunidad Valenciana (Spanish)

approaches_2590 - Испания

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1. Общая информация

1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Подхода

Ответственный (-ые) специалист (-ы)

Специалист по УЗП:
Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Catastrophic shifts in drylands (EU-CASCADE)
Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo (CEAM) - Испания
Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) - Испания

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование собранных ВОКАТ данных

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

06/05/2013

Составитель и ответственный/-ые специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.4 Ссылка (-и) на Анкету (-ы) по Технологиям УЗП

2. Описание Подхода УЗП

2.1 Краткое описание Подхода

Through the declaration of Ayora to a forest intervention area (ZAU) and the implementation of the pilot project of the PSP, a preventive silviculture was promoted through the establishment of a firebreak network.

2.2 Подробное описание Подхода

Подробное описание Подхода:

Aims / objectives: Forest fire is the main degradation driver in Ayora. In the article 24 of the forest law 3/1993 the declaration of special areas to forest intervention areas, so-called “Zonas de Actuación Urgente (ZAU)” through the regional government of Valencia is defined. Objectives are the protection against natural hazards and the promotion of conservation/restoration within a area which is degraded, affected by a forest fire (and natural regeneration is not probable), adverse climatic conditions, pests, severe ecological change, or fauna or flora of special value. If the use of the resources is not compatible with the conservation objectives within a ZAU, the administration has the right to enforce restrictions. The Ayora region was declared to a ZAU in 1997 due to its high risk of fires. In the “Plan de Selvicultura Preventiva de Incendios en los Sistemas Forestales (PSP)” (“plan of preventive silviculture to prevent forest fires”) which became operative in 1996 and whose main objective is the reduction of the fire risk, the ZAU was practically addressed for the first time in the establishment of a firebreak network (áreas cortafuegos). The PSP constitutes an important part of the “plan de protección contra incendios forestales” (“plan of protection against forest fires”) and has the following main objectives: The analysis/mapping of historic forest fires in Valencia (1984-1994) to support decision-making in silvicultural issues, the classification of the forest by quality and fire risk to establish local/regional plans to prevent fires (through silvicultural actions), selection of areas (province level) for the establishment of pilot projects (to apply silvicultural actions), decision on periodic investment and level of employment.

Methods: Within the PSP, 4 pilot projects were initiated in Los Serranos (17‘470 ha), Utiel-Requena (20’966 ha), Valle de Ayora-Cofrentes (33’851 ha) and Sierra de Mariola (11’574 ha) to promote a preventive silviculture which aims in modifying the amount of fuel in the forest through the establishment of a firebreak network and to limit the burnt area. The pilot areas were selected (in collaboration with the forest administration of Valencia) by the following criteria: representativity for the whole province, high value for the population, high potential risk of fire. In T_SPA009en the pilot project of Ayora-Cofrentes (Cofrentes, Jalance, Jarafuel, Zarra, Ayora) is described in detail and this approach focuses on the Ayora site as well. The firebreak network was established between 1998 and 2002, carried out by the company VAERSA and executed on both public and private land. Since the old firebreaks (established before the project) had a strong visual and ecological impact, the PSP designed a new type called “área cortafuego”. The continuous maintenance of the firebreaks is required which is also included in the pilot project. The total area protected by the firebreak network amounts to 33’851 ha while the management measures were executed on 1944,81 ha. The costs of the execution were 1312 Euro per ha, the maintenance 82.03 Euro per ha (all 2 years) and 31.37 Euro per ha (all 4 years).

Stages of implementation: After the establishment of the PSP (1996) and the declaration of Ayora to a ZAU (1997) the implementation of the pilot project was realized in the following phases: 1) splitting up of the territory based on the quality and the potential risk (using maps and aerial pictures), 2) field work (to examine the first draft of the firebreak network elaborated in the office), 3) office work (digitizing), 4) final map, 5) estimation of costs, 6) combination of firebreak plan with the cadastral land register.

Role of stakeholders: The PSP, the ZAU and the pilot projects were set up by the regional government of Valencia, in collaboration with the forest services. The PSP is put into operation each year by the forest services to plan the maintenance of the firebreak network. The effect on the local population is the creation of jobs in forest management.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Подход

2.5 Страна/ регион/ место, где применялся Подход

Страна:

Испания

Административная единица (Район/Область):

Spain, Valencia

Более точная привязка места:

Los Serranos, Utiel-Requena, Valle de Ayora-Cofrentes, Sierra de Mariola

Комментарии:

Within the plan of preventive silviculture, 4 different pilot projects were realized. One of them was established in Ayora with a total surface of 33‘851 ha. The total surface of all 4 pilot projects amounts to 83’861 ha.

Los Serranos: 39.821158°, -1.056726°
Utiel-Requena: 39.439729°, -1.054516°
Sierra de Mariola: 38.720744°, -0.574473°
Valle de Ayora-Cofrentes: 39.080541°, -1.180005°

2.6 Даты начала и окончания реализации Подхода

Год начала реализации:

1996

2.7 Тип Подхода

  • в рамках проекта/ программы

2.8 Каковы цели/ задачи Подхода

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (analysis/mapping of historic fires to support decision-making in silvicultural issues, classification of forest systems by quality and fire risk to prioritise actions and establish local/regional plans)

Research on historic fires to support decision-making in silvicultural practices, fire risk reduction, reducing the burnt area through splitting up the forest, improvement of fire prevention and extinction measures (e.g. improvement of access for fire-fighting vehicles and protection of fire fighters), establish local/regional plans to prevent fires (through silvicultural actions), promote conservation of the forest on a large scale

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: High amount of continuous fuel due to lack of management which increases the risk of vast and devastating fires, lack of fire prevention and extinction measures, ecological and visual impact of old firebreaks.

2.9 Условия содействующие применению Технологии/ Технологий в рамках Подхода или затрудняющие его

Наличие/ доступность финансовых ресурсов и услуг
  • затрудняют

There was a lack of money to implement silvicultural measures

Treatment through the SLM Approach: The pilot project of the PSP was fully financed by the government

Институциональные условия
  • затрудняют

Laws on forest management existed already before the implementation of the PSP but the idea of establishing a firebreak network was not available



Treatment through the SLM Approach: With the pilot project of the PSP the firebreak network was carefully assessed and implemented

3. Участие и распределение ролей заинтересованных сторон

3.1 Заинтересованные стороны, участвующие в реализации Подхода и их роли

  • местные землепользователи/ местные сообщества

Usually men are involved in the forest sector

In the execution and the maintenance of the firebreak network unemployed local people were/are included. But in the development of the PSP this was not the case.

Working in the execution and the maintenance of the firebreak networks

  • эксперты по УЗП/ сельскому хозяйству

Forest services, forest agents (working for the government of Valencia)

  • местные власти

Probably the local governments helped in the implementation of the pilot projects, e.g. provision of maps.

  • государственные власти (отвечающие за планирование или принятие решений)

Regional government of Valencia (Generalitat Valenciana), forest services, Forest engineers (working for the government of Valencia)

  • Politicians in collaboration with SLM specialists
3.2 Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ на разных стадиях реализации Подхода
Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ Перечислите участников и опишите их вовлеченность
инициирование/ мотивация нет By government of Valencia
планирование нет By government of Valencia
выполнение внешняя поддержка local people working in the execution and maintenance of the firebreak network, led by forest agents and forest engineers of the government of Valencia
мониторинг/ оценка нет By government of Valencia
Research нет By government of Valencia

3.3 Схема реализации (если имеется)

Описание:

The PSP and the pilot projects were set up by the regional government of Valencia in collaboration with the forest services. Forest engineers and forest agents are employed at the forest services and helped to design the projects. VAERSA, a public company of the Generalitat Valenciana, executed the pilot projects and was supported by forest engineers, forest agents and the local governments. Local forest workers were contracted (by VAERSA) for execution and maintenance work and controlled by forest agents.

Автор:

Nina Lauterburg

3.4 Принятие решений по выбору Технологии/ Технологий УЗП

Было решение по выбору Технологии (-ий) принято:
  • Politicians in collaboration with SLM specialists
Поясните:

The PSP, the ZAU and the pilot projects (firebreak network) were set up by the regional government of Valencia, in collaboration with the forest services (which also include SLM specialists)

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by Politicians in collaboration with SLM specialists

4. Техническая поддержка, повышение компетенций и управление знаниями

4.1 Повышение компетенций/ обучение

Проводилось ли обучение землепользователей/ других заинтересованных лиц?

Да

Укажите, кто проходил обучение:
  • землепользователи
Тип обучения:
  • в ходе работы
Рассматриваемые темы:

Training of local people in the use of machinery in forest management (execution and maintenance of firebreaks)

4.2 Консультационные услуги

Есть ли у землепользователей возможность получать консультации?

Да

Укажите, где именно оказываются консультационные услуги:
  • в постоянно функционирующих центрах
Описание/ комментарий:

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; The maintenance of the pilot projects is included in the PSP and is planned and executed by the government of Valencia. Already three maintenance projects followed after the execution of the pilot projects (2000-2004, 2004-2008, 2008-2012). Future funding of activities is not clear.

4.3 Институциональная (организационная) поддержка

В ходе реализации Подхода были ли организованы новые институциональные структуры или поддержаны уже существующие?
  • нет

4.4 Мониторинг и оценка

Являются ли мониторинг и оценка частью Подхода?

Да

Комментарии:

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government through observations; indicators: Observations of built-up of fuel to decide when and where maintenance is required

There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: None

There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The technology is the same since the execution of the project but maintenance (e.g. clearing of firebreaks) is applied. Some more firebreaks were established where it was still required and not covered by the pilot project.

4.5 Научные исследования

Были ли научные исследования частью Подхода?

Да

Укажите темы исследований:
  • экономика / маркетинг
  • экология
  • технология
Напишите подробнее и назовите тех, кто выполнял исследования:

analysis/mapping of historic forest fires in Valencia (1984-1994) to support decision-making in silvicultural practices, classification of the forest by quality and fire risk, research on causes of forest fires

Research was carried out both on station and on-farm

5. Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка

5.1 Годовой бюджет мероприятий по УЗП в рамках Подхода

Если точный годовой бюжет неизвестен, укажите примерный диапазон затрат:
  • 100 000-1 000 000
Комментарий (например, основные источники финансирования/ ключевые доноры):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (government of Valencia ): 100.0%

5.2 Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка, предоставляемая землепользователям

Предоставлялась ли землепользователям финансовая/ материальная поддержка для применения Технологии /Технологий?

Да

Если да, укажите тип(-ы) поддержки, кто ее предоставил и условия предоставления:

state (government of Valencia)

5.3 Субсидии на отдельные затраты (включая оплату труда)

  • оборудование
Укажите, какие ресурсы были субсидированы В какой степени Опишите субсидии подробнее
техника профинансированы полностью machinery for forest management
  • инфраструктура
Укажите, какие ресурсы были субсидированы В какой степени Опишите субсидии подробнее
дороги профинансированы полностью
Если труд землепользователя был существенным вкладом, укажите, был ли этот вклад:
  • за денежное вознаграждение
Комментарии:

execution and maintenance of firebreak network (forest management)

5.4 Кредитование

Предоставлялись ли в рамках Подхода кредиты на мероприятия УЗП?

Нет

6. Анализ влияния и заключительные положения

6.1 Влияние Подхода

Сумел ли Подход помочь землепользователям внедрить и поддерживать технологии УЗП?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Improvement of fire extinction and prevention

Сумел ли Подход расширить возможности социально и экономически уязвимых групп?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

More jobs provided through this approach of forest management

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Within the PSP they carried out 4 pilot projects, and after the projects more firebreaks were established

Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Reduction of the risk of fire and the loss of land through fires. Furthermore jobs were created by this project.

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

More jobs provided through this approach of forest management

6.2 Основные причины, побуждающие землепользователей внедрять УЗП

6.3 Долгосрочная устойчивость мероприятий в рамках Подхода

Могут ли землепользователи самостоятельно (без внешней поддержки) продолжать применение того, что было реализовано в рамках Подхода?
  • нет
Если нет или нет уверенности, объясните почему:

The maintenance is expensive and has to be financed by the state. Furthermore, forest services need to provide technical assistance.

6.4 Сильные стороны/ преимущества Подхода

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
Before the implementation of the pilot projects of the PSP there was a lack of money and no institutional base. The pilot project allowed to establish a firebreak network (fully financed by the government of Valencia) (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The government should sustain its investment in forest management. )
The maintenance of the firebreak network is included in the PSP. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The government should sustain its investment in forest management.)
The firebreak network facilitates the access for fire fighters (and vehicles) and guarantees a higher security for people, thus increasing the possibility to control/slow down a fire. By arranging the territory in different parcels (firebreaks of first, second and third order) the spread of large forest fires is less probable (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The maintenance of firebreaks is crucial. Furthermore, there must be a good coordination and organisation within the fire fighter staff in case of an emergency)
There are also firebreaks which were not established within the pilot project but due to a request of forest agents. The project was important to upscale this technology and to get people’s attention for the problem of forest fires. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Public awareness raising. )
There are both social and economic benefits for
local people. The establishment and the maintenance of firebreaks provide jobs for rural people, which allows them to increase their livelihood conditions. People do not depend on unemployment payments and are therefore more accepted in society. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The government should sustain its investment in forest management and include the local population)

6.5 Слабые стороны/ недостатки Подхода и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Firebreaks do mainly work in fire extinction and less in fire prevention Investigation of other management practices and approaches. An integrative way of forest management could be the clearing of fire-prone species and the planting of more fire-resistant species as suggested by CEAM.
Little involvement of the local population. The
projects were designed by the government without including local land users
Include local land users in the planning of forest management. Work in a transdisciplinary way.
Land users cannot continue the SLM approach/ technology on their own. The maintenance is expensive and has to be financed by the state. Once the government will not continue paying the maintenance of the firebreaks the technology will probably not be managed anymore. Furthermore, forest services need to provide technical assistance The government should sustain its investment in forest management. More trainings could be provided to local land users by the government of Valencia

7. Справочные материалы и ссылки

7.1 Методы сбора/источники информации

  • выезды на места, полевые обследования
  • опросы специалистов/экспертов по УЗП

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Plan de selvicultura preventiva, laws, fire prevention plans, ...

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Conselleria de infraestructura, territorio y medio ambiente de la Generalitat Valenciana www.cma.gva.es and http://www.112cv.com/prevencion/guatlla30/web-2520exportar/indice.aspx@nodo=206&idioma=c.htm

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