Promotion of different trees for agroforestry [Кения]
- Создание:
- Обновить:
- Составитель: William Akwanyi
- Редакторы: JARED AYIENA, Innocent Faith, Noel Templer, JUSTINE OTSYULA, Tabitha Nekesa, Ahmadou Gaye, Siagbé Golli
- Рецензенты: William Critchley, Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Sally Bunning
approaches_6706 - Кения
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Развернуть все Свернуть все1. Общая информация
1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Подхода
Ответственный (-ые) специалист (-ы)
землепользователь:
Omolo Charles Abok
+254 728 135152
charlesabok88@gmail.com
Welthungerhilfe farmer
Village of Nyaguda, South Sakwa ward, Bondo Sub-county, Siaya County
Кения
Специалист по УЗП:
Специалист по УЗП:
Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Кения1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование собранных ВОКАТ данных
Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?
01/03/2023
Составитель и ответственный/-ые специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:
Да
1.4 Ссылка (-и) на Анкету (-ы) по Технологиям УЗП
Vegetative cross-slope barriers [Кения]
Cross-slope barriers in the form of vegetative strips are established on sloping lands to reduce runoff velocity and prevent soil loss, thereby contributing to the conservation of soil, water, and plant nutrients.
- Составитель: William Akwanyi
2. Описание Подхода УЗП
2.1 Краткое описание Подхода
Promoting the values of different trees and their benefits in agroforestry contributes to increased adoption by farmers.
2.2 Подробное описание Подхода
Подробное описание Подхода:
Agroforestry involves the integration of trees and/ or shrubs in a farming system on the same land where crops or pastures are grown. It offers significant environmental, economic, and social benefits. Agroforestry also enables farmers to diversify their on-farm income. Furthermore, it contributes to climate change adaptation and mitigation and improves the environment within the farm, especially soils. However, not every farmer is willing to adopt agroforestry. Trees and shrubs take up space that would have been dedicated to crops or pasture: this is a primary reason why farmers are not willing to plant trees and/ or shrubs on their farms. Similarly, many farmers do not clearly understand the values of some trees and shrubs. It is, therefore, essential to overcome the barriers to adopting agroforestry among farmers.
The ProSoil project has created awareness among farmers in Kakamega, Bungoma, and Siaya Counties about the more efficient and profitable tree and shrub-based value chains to attract farmers to agroforestry and pave the way for greater uptake. The farmers were targeted through their groups. Each group consisting of about 25 farmers, and with at least 30% women. Farmers are introduced to trees and/ or shrubs that blend well with their farming system. In addition, farmers choose trees and/ or shrubs based on the sizes of their farming land and their respective benefits. Farmers can plant trees and shrubs as single stands or integrate them into farming land. They can also plant agroforestry trees around their homesteads. A single stand can have, for example, mangos, avocados, and/or other trees. The project advocates for a more sustainable win-win approach where farmers and the environment benefit from an agroforestry system. Some of the benefits of trees and shrubs, as highlighted by the project, include the following:
a) Soil erosion control: trees and shrubs are planted on across slopes to slow down runoff and trap sediment (consequently, accumulating soil – this can form terraces after several years). Their roots hold the soil in place and reduce the impact of moving water.
b) Stabilising stream banks and gullies (e.g., Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania grandiflora, Moringa oleifera, etc.): help to reduce soil erosion along streams and gullies when planted at the medium- to high-level watermark. Their roots hold the soil in place and reduce the impact of moving water.
c) Green manure (e.g., Sesbania sesban, Tithonia sp., etc.): from foliage and twigs.
d) Live fences (e.g., Tithonia sp.): used as boundaries to provide privacy and protection from browsing animals.
e) Windbreakers (e.g., Casuarina equisetifolia, Grevillea robusta, Leucaena leucocephala, etc.): planted in one or two rows/ lines closely together along the edges of the farm and perpendicular to winds to protect crops, soils, and structures from the detrimental effects of wind.
f) Fodder (e.g., Grevillea robusta, Sesbania sesban, Leucaena leucocephala, etc.): foliage is food for livestock.
g) Food (e.g., mangoes, avocadoes, etc.): a human food source.
h) Carbon sequestration (all trees and shrubs): they act as carbon sinks by capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Подход
2.5 Страна/ регион/ место, где применялся Подход
Страна:
Кения
Административная единица (Район/Область):
Siaya County, Nyanza Region
Более точная привязка места:
Nyagudha village, South Sakwa Ward, Bondo Sub-county
Map
×2.6 Даты начала и окончания реализации Подхода
Год начала реализации:
2019
2.7 Тип Подхода
- Both traditional practice and project based: farmers have been growing trees and shrubs on their farms but the ProSoil project introduced them to more beneficial trees and better ways of producing the trees e.g., through grafting.
2.8 Каковы цели/ задачи Подхода
Aim: To promote the adoption of agroforestry.
Objectives:
1) To introduce farmers to the diverse benefits of trees in farming.
2) To encourage farmers to incorporate trees and/ or shrubs in their farming.
2.9 Условия содействующие применению Технологии/ Технологий в рамках Подхода или затрудняющие его
Социальные/ культурные/ религиозные нормы и ценности
- содействуют
Trees play a central role in the socio-cultural lives of people and are used for a wide range of cultural practices.
- затрудняют
Cultural beliefs: e.g., women are not supposed to plant (some) trees as this is considered a male role. This hinders women from full participation in agroforestry activities.
Наличие/ доступность финансовых ресурсов и услуг
- затрудняют
Some farmers do not have adequate financial resources to purchase seedling of some tree and shrub seedlings.
Сотрудничество/ координация действий
- содействуют
Other institutions such as the county governments pass agroforestry information to farmers through the public agricultural extension officers. County governments are important collaborators in the ProSoil project.
Нормативно-правовая база (землевладение, права на земле- и водопользование)
- затрудняют
Trees and/ or shrubs take several years to mature. This is closely linked to land tenure since most people would prefer to establish trees only on their farms.
Программные документы/ руководящие установки
- содействуют
Kenya's 10 Percent Tree Cover Strategy includes the component of promoting farm forestry through various platforms e.g., radio and TV.
Управление земельными ресурсами (принятие решений, осуществление и контроль за выполнением)
- затрудняют
Women and youth have little or no control over land in most communities. Hence, they cannot make decisions to plant (some) trees on the family land.
Осведомленность в области УЗП, доступность технической поддержки
- содействуют
ProSoil project has supported the dissemination of information about the importance of agroforestry as an SLM technology and how to propagate trees e.g., through grafting. As a result, some farmers have established trees nurseries.
Рынки (для приобретения материалов и услуг, продажи продукции) и цены
- содействуют
The increasing awareness about the benefits of many trees has led to an increase in the demand for the different products from the trees e.g., fruits, honey, medicines, etc. This potential of trees to generate income encourages farmers to plant trees.
3. Участие и распределение ролей заинтересованных сторон
3.1 Заинтересованные стороны, участвующие в реализации Подхода и их роли
- местные землепользователи/ местные сообщества
Farmers, farmer groups (women, youth, and mixed gender)
Recipients of the trainings in agroforestry.
- эксперты по УЗП/ сельскому хозяйству
GIZ ProSoil project SLM specialists; specialists from the implementing partner, Welthungerhilfe; and county SLM specialists from the departments of agriculture and environment.
Provides technical advice to the farmers and link farmers to markets and tree nurseries.
- местные власти
County government agriculture and environment departments
Provides technical advice to the farmers and link farmers to markets and tree nurseries.
- международные организации
GIZ
Financial support to the technical team and farmers during capacity building.
Если участвовало несколько заинтересованных сторон, назовите ведущую организацию:
GIZ
3.2 Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ на разных стадиях реализации Подхода
Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ | Перечислите участников и опишите их вовлеченность | |
---|---|---|
инициирование/ мотивация | самоорганизация | Farmers involved in the training in agroforestry. |
планирование | интерактивное | Farmers consulted on where and when to establish demos of agroforestry tree nurseries. |
выполнение | самоорганизация | Although farmers are advised which trees are better for their farms, they are the final decision makers on which trees and shrubs to incorporate in their farms. |
мониторинг/ оценка | пассивное | Interviews with implementing farmers. |
нет |
3.3 Схема реализации (если имеется)
Описание:
The ProSoil project (GIZ and WHH) provides financial (transport reimbursement) and material (seedlings) support to farmers through their groups (Ndati Development Self-Help Group). The project also facilitates the county departments of Agriculture and Environment to train farmers in agroforestry and increase their awareness about the socio-economic and ecological benefits of different trees. at the farm.
Автор:
William Akwanyi
3.4 Принятие решений по выбору Технологии/ Технологий УЗП
Укажите, кто принимал решение по выбору применяемой Технологии/ Технологий:
- в основном землепользователи при поддержке специалистов по УЗП
Поясните:
The ProSoil project team provides technical support on the selection of trees based on the diverse needs of farmers, and the sizes and locations of their farms. However, the final decision to plant which type(s) of trees and where to plant them at the farm rests with the farmer.
Поясните на чём было основано принятие решений:
- анализ подробно описанного опыта и знаний по УЗП (принятие решений на основе подтвержденных фактов)
- личный опыт и мнения (незадокументированные)
4. Техническая поддержка, повышение компетенций и управление знаниями
4.1 Повышение компетенций/ обучение
Проводилось ли обучение землепользователей/ других заинтересованных лиц?
Да
Укажите, кто проходил обучение:
- землепользователи
Тип обучения:
- обмен опытом между фермерами
- опытные участки
Рассматриваемые темы:
1. Different trees in agroforestry and their benefits
2. Tree nursery management
3. Grafting
4. Agroforestry systems
5. Value addition to agroforestry products and marketing
Комментарии:
Welthungerhilfe contracted SLM specialists from the county departments of agriculture and environment to train farmers and carry out demonstrations on tree planting and value addition in their groups during sessions organized by the ProSoil project. Other farmers are learning from the trained farmers. These specialists also advice farmers during farm visits.
4.2 Консультационные услуги
Есть ли у землепользователей возможность получать консультации?
Да
Укажите, где именно оказываются консультационные услуги:
- на полях землепользователей
- в постоянно функционирующих центрах
- Specific locations where the farmers interact with the technical officers and at their farms.
Описание/ комментарий:
Farmers were trained in their groups at specific venues during sessions organized by the ProSoil project/ WHH. Other farmers are learning from the trained farmers. These specialists also advice farmers during farm visits.
4.3 Институциональная (организационная) поддержка
В ходе реализации Подхода были ли организованы новые институциональные структуры или поддержаны уже существующие?
- да, немного
Укажите уровень, на котором структуры были укреплены или вновь созданы:
- местные
Опишите организацию, функции и ответственность, членство и т.д.
Farmers have formed groups such as Ndati Development Self-Help Group e.g., to run tree nurseries. The groups consist of several men and women of diverse ages. Farmers develop funding and other support proposals through the groups.
Укажите тип поддержки:
- повышение компетенций/ обучение
- оборудование
Подробнее:
Trainings in agroforestry, markets, tree propagation, etc.
Nursery materials and equipment including water tanks, seeds and grafting tools
4.4 Мониторинг и оценка
Являются ли мониторинг и оценка частью Подхода?
Да
Комментарии:
GIZ and Welthungerhilfe regularly follows up with farmers to check on the implementation of technologies promoted under this approach.
Если да, будет ли данный документ использоваться для мониторинга и оценки?
Нет
Комментарии:
This documentation in intended for keeping a record of SLM technologies and approaches.
4.5 Научные исследования
Были ли научные исследования частью Подхода?
Нет
5. Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка
5.1 Годовой бюджет мероприятий по УЗП в рамках Подхода
Если точный годовой бюжет неизвестен, укажите примерный диапазон затрат:
- 10000-100000
Комментарий (например, основные источники финансирования/ ключевые доноры):
ProSoil project facilitated trainings on the SLM technologies under this approach, including transport reimbursement to farmers and trainers and remuneration to trainers during trainings. Farmers meet the costs of land preparation, acquiring seeds and seedlings, planting trees, and managing the trees. The stated budget is for training one farmer group of about 25 farmers.
5.2 Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка, предоставляемая землепользователям
Предоставлялась ли землепользователям финансовая/ материальная поддержка для применения Технологии /Технологий?
Да
Если да, укажите тип(-ы) поддержки, кто ее предоставил и условия предоставления:
The ProSoil project through Welthungerhilfe supported the farmers (through their group) with trainings and setting up demo plots.
5.3 Субсидии на отдельные затраты (включая оплату труда)
- нет
Если труд землепользователя был существенным вкладом, укажите, был ли этот вклад:
- добровольный
Комментарии:
Farmers voluntarily provided labour at the demonstration plot and on their own land.
5.4 Кредитование
Предоставлялись ли в рамках Подхода кредиты на мероприятия УЗП?
Нет
5.5 Другие методы или инструменты стимулирования
Использовались ли другие методы или инструменты стимулирования для продвижения Технологий УЗП?
Да
Если да, поясните:
Linkage to markets for the tree and shrub products. GIZ, WHH, and the county department of agriculture and environmental invite farmers to field days where the farmer can link up with potential markets.
6. Анализ влияния и заключительные положения
6.1 Влияние Подхода
Сумел ли Подход расширить возможности местных землепользователей, повысить участие заинтересованных сторон?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
Farmers were empowered with skill on how to propagate trees. Stakeholder participation was enhanced through collaboration with other actors such as the county government.
Сумел ли Подход дать возможность принимать решения на основе подтвержденных фактов?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
Farmers were motivated to plant some trees and shrubs on their farms after benchmarking farms which had established and benefited from similar trees.
Сумел ли Подход помочь землепользователям внедрить и поддерживать технологии УЗП?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
After learning about the importance of different trees, farmers incorporated trees in their farming systems e.g., planting trees and/ or shrubs in vegetative cross slope barriers.
Сумел ли Подход расширить знания и возможности землепользователей в применении практик УЗП?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
The trainings given to farmers included how to plant different trees and areas within a farm setting where such trees are best suited. This knowledge was helpful in the incorporation of trees in the implementation of vegetative cross-slope barriers, green manure cover crops, and retention ditches.
Сумел ли Подход снизить остроту конфликтов?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
Planting of quick growing shrubs has provided source of fuel wood at the household level reducing conflicts resulting in neighbouring farmers invading farms for fuel wood
Сумел ли Подход способствовать улучшению продовольственой безопасности/ качества питания?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
Some of the agroforestry trees promoted under the different technologies and for which this approach sought to create awareness about are sources of food.
Сумел ли Подход расширить доступ к рынкам?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
The trainings include linking farmers to market for some of the agroforestry products.
Сумел ли Подход улучшить способность землепользователей адаптироваться к изменениям климата и смягчать последствия катастрофических погодных явлений?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
Some of the trees are sources of food during months when there is scarcity of food e.g., mangoes mature mostly during the dry season when there is scarcity of food in the households.
Сумел ли Подход привести к созданию новых рабочих мест/ к расширению возможностей получения дохода?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
Some farmers have established tree nurseries. They sell tree seedlings to earn income. Some have employed tree nursery operators.
6.2 Основные причины, побуждающие землепользователей внедрять УЗП
- рост продуктивности
Some of the trees and shrubs promoted e.g., sesbania improve soil through nitrogen fixation. Hence, they increase soil productivity and consequently crop and livestock production.
- рост прибыли (доходности) и рентабельности
Most trees do not require costly implementation activities, yet they have multiple uses at the farm, including sources of products e.g., fruits that can be sold to earn income. This increased the profitability of the farm. This reduces the costs incurred at the farm against the benefits accrued.
- снижение деградации земель
Trees reduce soil erosion and formation of gullies. They also add nutrients to the soil.
- снижение риска катастрофических погодных явлений
Trees reduce the flow of runoff and increase the infiltration of water into the soil. Such water would have otherwise caused flooding downstream. they also act as windbreakers reducing damage on farms.
- экологическая сознательность
Farmers understand the importance of trees in environmental management. They have planted trees - trees conserve the environment.
- приобретение знаний и опыта в области УЗП
Farmers have enhanced their knowledge in agroforestry, including tree nursery management. They also capacity build other farmers.
- улучшение эстетической привлекательности
Farmers have planted trees that have beautified their homes and farms.
6.3 Долгосрочная устойчивость мероприятий в рамках Подхода
Могут ли землепользователи самостоятельно (без внешней поддержки) продолжать применение того, что было реализовано в рамках Подхода?
- да
Если да, опишите как:
Farmers have established group tree nurseries as sources of seedlings and income. Some of the trees promoted under this approach can easily be propagated by farmers.
6.4 Сильные стороны/ преимущества Подхода
Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей |
---|
Trees contribute to environmental management - increase in carbon sequestration (capture of carbon dioxide), control of soil erosion, and conservation of water. |
Trees have multiple products, including food, humus, timber, firewood, etc. |
Most trees do not require costly and tedious maintenance. |
Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов |
---|
Trees can be planted at the homestead. Hence, an added value of the homestead. |
The benefits of trees go beyond the farm and the farmer e.g., beauty which is enjoyed by anyone who looks at the trees. |
6.5 Слабые стороны/ недостатки Подхода и пути их преодоления
Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей | Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения? |
---|---|
Tree seedlings require a lot of manure and proper care to protect them from animals. | Farmers to make their own compost at the farm. |
Some seedlings are expensive. | Increase awareness among farmers about seed preparation and tree nursery management. |
Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов | Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения? |
---|---|
Trees can take up land that would have been used for food production. | Proper planning of the farm. |
7. Справочные материалы и ссылки
7.1 Методы сбора/источники информации
- выезды на места, полевые обследования
One field visit to the land user.
- опросы землепользователей
One on-farm interview and follow-up calls with the land user.
- опросы специалистов/экспертов по УЗП
Interview with Welthungerhilfe SLM specialist and several follow-up calls.
- данные, собранные из отчетов и достоверных документов
Online literature sources reviewed.
7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы
Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:
Extension Approaches to Promote Effective Adoption of Agroforestry Practices: Lessons Learned from Indonesia
Где опубликовано? Стоимость?
Free download at http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/PO19073.pdf
7.3 Ссылки на материалы, доступные онлайн
Название/ описание:
Paving the way for greater uptake of agroforestry farming systems
Адрес в сети Интернет:
https://www.niras.com/news/promoting-agroforestry-in-the-development-context/#:~:text=Agroforestry%20involves%20the%20integration%20of,dependent%20on%20a%20single%20crop.
Ссылки и модули
Развернуть все Свернуть всеСсылки
Vegetative cross-slope barriers [Кения]
Cross-slope barriers in the form of vegetative strips are established on sloping lands to reduce runoff velocity and prevent soil loss, thereby contributing to the conservation of soil, water, and plant nutrients.
- Составитель: William Akwanyi
Модули
Нет модулей