Подходы

Early Warning Message Dissemination [Бангладеш]

বন্যা পূর্ব-সতর্কবার্তা প্রচার (Bonna Purbo-Satarkabarta Prochar)

approaches_649 - Бангладеш

Просмотреть разделы

Развернуть все
Завершённость: 100%

1. Общая информация

1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Подхода

Ответственный (-ые) специалист (-ы)

Project staff:

Mustafa Golam

+880 1718770373 / +880 1730799762

pmdrrwash16@gmail.com

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Project Manager, DRRWASH Project O⌀ਈce, Shukhsantir Bazar, Dhanghora, Gaibandha, Bangladesh

Бангладеш

Project staff:

Razzak Abdur

+880 1730 799763 / +880 1730 799763

razzak.pe@gmail.com

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Project Engineer, DRRWASH Project O⌀ਈce, Shukhsantir Bazar, Dhanghora, Gaibandha, Bangladesh

Бангладеш

Project staff:

Islam Saiful

+880 1730 799746 / +880 1730 799746

saiful644@gmail.com

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Field Officer DRR and Training, DRRWASH Project O⌀ਈce, Shukhsantir Bazar, Dhanghora, Gaibandha, Bangladesh

Бангладеш

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Swiss Red Cross (Swiss Red Cross) - Швейцария

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование собранных ВОКАТ данных

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

04/10/2016

Составитель и ответственный/-ые специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.4 Ссылка (-и) на Анкету (-ы) по Технологиям УЗП

Emergency infrastructure including shelter and linked transport infrastructure
technologies

Emergency infrastructure including shelter and linked transport infrastructure [Бангладеш]

Emergency infrastructure including shelter and linked transport infrastructure, consists in establishing specific flood shelters (for people and animals) including flood-proof collective water sources and communication infrastructure as well as health and school facilities that may serve at the same time as emergency shelters during floods.

  • Составитель: TUHIN SAMADDAR

2. Описание Подхода УЗП

2.1 Краткое описание Подхода

An effective system for dissemination of early warning messages was established among the vulnerable communities in Chars (riverine sandy islands) of Gaibandha district, Bangladesh, in order to strengthen their coping mechanisms and reduce loss and damage caused by floods.

2.2 Подробное описание Подхода

Подробное описание Подхода:

Early warning systems are an essential element in building resilience through effective disaster preparedness and risk mitigation: the key characteristics of the approach entail linking the intervention units at community level with national and sub-national early warning systems. It also consists of developing the capacity of the local government institutions and organised communities to not only disseminate early warning but to effectively respond to floods. Merely installing an early warning system is not sufficient to equip communities to cope with recurrent floods; it needs to be linked to broader aspects of disaster preparedness and increased response capacity of communities and local government.
The vulnerability and capacity assessment (VCA) is the basis of all measures oriented at reducing disaster risks. The VCA was carried out with the involvement of local stakeholders, especially the target communities, to understand the vulnerabilities and risks associated with floods as well as to gain insight on existing capacities and capacity gaps that needed to be addressed. The process resulted in a risk reduction action plan which was to be jointly implemented by the target community and local government.
The risk reduction plan pointed to the need of having in place a mix of structural, management and contingency measures. This involved linking local, sub-national and national early warning systems, developing contingency and evacuation plans supported by establishment of safe places where people could move during floods. The risk reduction plan also highlighted the need to support household level protection measures - structurally this meant raising household plinth levels above flood levels. In addition, local early warning system was established through installation of flood markers/pillars, and warning flags at key sites. Capacities were built to internalise, monitor and consequently respond to evolving local flood situation.
Building communication channels that link the local institutions to higher level flood forecasting system resulted in streamlining information from source to destination. The weather forecast communication flow is both vertical and lateral – vertically it is a mix of web-based flood information and mobile telephony which begins at the Flood Forecast Warning Centre (FFWC) - the apex body that monitors flood situation in Bangladesh. FFWC transmits information to the sub-national local governments that have digital centres with trained personnel to access information from FFWC website. Trained entrepreneurs at these digital centres are responsible for monitoring flood forecasts and updating the Union Parishad (the lowest level of local body) and communities on evolving flood situation. By analysing and interpreting relevant information they play a key role in catalysing the early warning system. The local bodies , Union Parishads, use a mix of communication modes - such as miking (public address system), radio and cellular phone - to transfer early warning information to the communities. On the other hand, flood markers are installed locally that are adjusted according to increase in water levels. Designated trained persons – Youth Response Team - take the responsibility to do this. This is monitored by community and the Union Parishad.
In normal times, drills and simulations are conducted by trained team of village volunteers/first responders. They take the lead in organising evacuation and movement to safe places. The government (and project) brings in the logistic support, especially transportation, to facilitate evacuation and movement to safe places.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Подход

Медиа-галерея

Общие замечания к фотографиям:

Approach of Early Warning System in DRRWASH project area in Gaibandha district.

2.4 Видеоматериалы по применению Подхода

Комментарий, краткое описание:

Video on Flood 2015 in the DRRWASH project area in Gaibandha including early warning intervention, in Bangla, link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os4ZgSMMVyg

Дата:

25/10/2015

Место:

Gaibandha

Автор съемки:

Tuhin Samaddar and Vabotosh Karmakar

2.5 Страна/ регион/ место, где применялся Подход

Страна:

Бангладеш

Административная единица (Район/Область):

North-Bengal

Более точная привязка места:

Kamarjani and Mollar Char union in Sadar Upazila and Haldia union in Shaghata Upazila of Gaibandha District

Комментарии:

The entire intervention area is divided into 261 clusters. In each cluster, one local volunteer (YRT) has been nominated for preparedness and response operation. 30 Village Disaster Management Committee (VDMC) are actively monitoring the process under the guidance of three Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC).

Предварительный просмотр карты

2.6 Даты начала и окончания реализации Подхода

Год начала реализации:

2013

Если год начала реализации Подхода достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

менее 10 лет назад (недавняя)

2.7 Тип Подхода

  • в рамках проекта/ программы

2.8 Каковы цели/ задачи Подхода

To promote resilient communities through improved flood preparedness that reduces loss and damage of vulnerable people's lives and protects their livelihoods in the chars of Gaibandha district.

2.9 Условия содействующие применению Технологии/ Технологий в рамках Подхода или затрудняющие его

Социальные/ культурные/ религиозные нормы и ценности
  • содействуют

The intervention built upon traditional coping mechanisms and indigenous systems of disaster risk management. The blending of the traditional and indigenous practices with contemporary knowledge and preparedness practices acted as drivers in terms of choice and adoption of technologies.

  • затрудняют

In earlier phases of the intervention, the cultural norm of not abandoning one's household even in extreme crisis hindered timely access to emergency infrastructure.

Наличие/ доступность финансовых ресурсов и услуг
  • содействуют

The DRR intervention facilitated leveraging of institutional financial resources (Local government budget) and secured cost contribution from target communities.

  • затрудняют

Lack of adequate capacities and resources with local government.

Институциональные условия
  • содействуют

The Disaster Management Act and Standing Orders on Disaster of the Govt. of Bangladesh provides for a decentralised disaster management institutional setting from the central level to the local level.

  • затрудняют

In principle a decentralised disaster management structure is in place but due to operational and financial constraints they are unable to perform their mandated function.

Сотрудничество/ координация действий
  • содействуют

The initiative built a good coordination with state actors at various levels. From time to time it was also able to secure collaboration from non-state actors around specific thematic areas such as obtaining livelihood support in non-farm sector, synergising disaster risk management work, ensuring access of vulnerable communities to social protection measures.

  • затрудняют

Harmonisation of disaster centred initiatives is a time consuming process and very often does not lead to collaborations that harness existing synergies.

Нормативно-правовая база (землевладение, права на земле- и водопользование)
  • содействуют

Disaster Management Act, 2012 provides the legal framework for disaster risk management in Bangladesh.

Программные документы/ руководящие установки
  • содействуют

A set of policies supports the Disaster Management Act. Government's standing orders on disaster clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of various ministries, line agencies, local govt., mandated committees and other non-state actors in disaster risk management.

  • затрудняют

Policy enforcement across sectors remains weak in Bangladesh.

Управление земельными ресурсами (принятие решений, осуществление и контроль за выполнением)
  • содействуют

Traditional rights to land are still accepted in Chars of Bangladesh .

  • затрудняют

Land ownership is complex in Chars given its unstable nature due to high vulnerability to river erosion. Char lands are controlled by the local elites, often residing in the mainland, who use their political influence to secure govt. collusion/indifference (though char lands officially belong to them) in exercising land ownership and land transactions. Eventually it is the elites who lease and/or rent out land to the char population.

Осведомленность в области УЗП, доступность технической поддержки
  • содействуют

Timely weather forecast allows communities to accordingly time their agricultural operation, especially the sowing operations

  • затрудняют

River erosion threats strongly disincentivise investment in SLM.

Рынки (для приобретения материалов и услуг, продажи продукции) и цены
  • затрудняют

Market forces are yet to develop properly in Chars which are by nature isolated geographical units, accessed only through time consuming and expensive transportation means.

Объем работ, доступность рабочей силы
  • содействуют

Higher productivity of land in Chars allow for lower labour engagement in agriculture.

  • затрудняют

Disaster and higher profitability in mainland drives migration leading to labour shortages.

3. Участие и распределение ролей заинтересованных сторон

3.1 Заинтересованные стороны, участвующие в реализации Подхода и их роли

  • организации местных сообществ

Village Disaster Management Committee (VDMC)

The VDMC is the key actor to perform disaster risk reduction activities in the communities. The covers supporting the conduct of VCA, conducted by external facilitators, by extending logistic support and securing representative participation of larger community (non-VDMC members) in the VCA process. The VCA helps VDMCs develop their action plans. The operationalisation of the plans is anchored in the VDMC and so is leveraging cooperation and collaboration from local government. The VDMC also acts as first responder and as custodian responsible for operation and maintenance of built emergency and health infrastructure. Assessing community needs, beneficiary selection, contribution collection and financial management of hardware are their other key responsibilities.
Contribution collection means mediating and collecting the contribution of users/ beneficiaries and local governments to the costs of the built facilities (plinth raising, WASH, flood shelters, etc.) in pre-agreed proportion.
Financial management of hardware refers to VDMCs engaging in all aspects of the construction process of small scale communal and household mitigation options (flood shelters, roads, bridges, household plinth raising, etc. ) and shouldering financial management responsibilities related to their construction and subsequent operation and maintenance. This involves managing finances (contribution from users/LGI/project); giving work contract and settlement of payment following work completion.

  • учителя/ преподаватели/ школьники / студенты

Youth Response Team (YRT) members

YRT has been developed to promote volunteerism. Their main role is to support response and recovery operations during and after disaster. They are especially trained in Search & Rescue. As they are located in the community, YRTs actively engage in early warning dissemination. They act as focal person for monitoring and adjusting the flood markers. They support the Union Parishad in transmitting early warning to communities (as mentioned above) and supporting the evacuation of communities to safe places.

  • частный сектор

Enterpreneur of Union Digital Center

The lowest level of local government, the Union Parishad (UP), has a Digital Center to render ICT services to communities. These are run by local entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs are responsible for monitoring flood forecasts on the internet and updating the Union Parishad (UP) and community-based organisations (CBOs) on evolving flood situation. By analysing and interpreting relevant information they play a key role in catalysing the early warning system.

  • местные власти

Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC)

The UDMC disseminates forecasts, warnings, and advisories locally. It also performs a lead role in response and recovery operations.

Если участвовало несколько заинтересованных сторон, назовите ведущую организацию:

UDMC

3.2 Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ на разных стадиях реализации Подхода
Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ Перечислите участников и опишите их вовлеченность
инициирование/ мотивация интерактивное Key Actors: VDMC/CBOs and Local Government Institutions (UDMC) Activities : formation of CBOs, reformation of UDMC, VCA and volunteer selection
планирование интерактивное Key Actors: VDMC/CBOs and Local Government Activities: preparation of risk reduction action plan, preparation of evacuation plan along with map of evacuation routes (route to be taken for the evacuation in moving to safe places), contingency plan development, planning of emergency and health infrastructure, Early Warning Systems (EWS) planning
выполнение интерактивное Key Actors: VDMC/CBOs and Local Government Activities: Establish Early Warning System, emergency infrastructure, access infrastructure (wooden bridge, roads, etc.), household infrastructure
мониторинг/ оценка самоорганизация Key Actors: VDMC/CBOs, Local and Sub-national Government Activities: Developing Quality Assurance System, Community Review Meeting, Site visits/physical verification, quality and financial audit, survey and spot checks,
Initiation самоорганизация Ket Actors: VDMC/CBOs, Local Government and Private Sector: Activities: O&M of built infrastructure and Sanitation Marketing which involves supporting local entrepreneurs to establish local supply chains of toilet building materials through their own investment and build toilets for users that bear the costs. The project does not build latrines directly but rather mediates the linkages of users with the sanitation entrepreneurs

3.3 Схема реализации (если имеется)

Описание:

The flow chart explains application of the EWS and clarifies local linkages with national flood forecasting and warning centre (FFWC)

Автор:

Tuhin Samaddar

3.4 Принятие решений по выбору Технологии/ Технологий УЗП

Укажите, кто принимал решение по выбору применяемой Технологии/ Технологий:
  • все участники как часть процесса совместных действий
Поясните:

Since participatory approach has been adopted to examine vulnerabilities and capacities, the approach and technology choice to address risk and vulnerabilities was collectively decided.

Поясните на чём было основано принятие решений:
  • результаты исследований
  • личный опыт и мнения (незадокументированные)
  • Government policies and mandates

4. Техническая поддержка, повышение компетенций и управление знаниями

4.1 Повышение компетенций/ обучение

Проводилось ли обучение землепользователей/ других заинтересованных лиц?

Да

Укажите, кто проходил обучение:
  • землепользователи
  • местный персонал/консультанты
  • Anser-VDP (Village Defence Party) member
Тип обучения:
  • опытные участки
  • общие собрания
  • курсы
Рассматриваемые темы:

Several training courses and workshops were organised on disaster preparedness and response:
1. Early Warning System (for UDMC/VDMC/ Anser-VDP/YRT/VCRP/Staff): Disaster context in Bangladesh, techniques to identify water levels against standardised danger levels, determining flood intensity by observing pillars and flags, dissemination strategies for early warning messages among the community, and role of stakeholders to warning message dissemination.
2. Evacuation Plan (for VDMC/YRT/VCRP): Response operation, preparing checklist for response, preparing risk and resource map, information collection and analysis, preparing evacuation route maps, and roles and responsibilities of respective stakeholders in effectuating evacuation plan
3. Response Plan (for UDMC): Importance of response plan, key constituents of preparedness and response, interpretation of Early Warning information from FFWC, creating contingency fund, search and rescue, emergency relief and first aid, identifying safe exit route and transportation, damage assessment, launching control room, involving existing manpower and resources in the community and other organisation, and prepositioning of rescue equipments.

Комментарии:

609 VDMC/UDMC members were trained on various DRR topics. 255 local youth volunteers (YRT/VCRP) were also trained on early warning message dissemination, flood forecast interpretation, preparing evacuation plan and route map.
4 mock drill demonstration events were conducted by local government in which 276 community members participated. Refresher training was also organised for newly elected union parishad members on their broad mandate with specific reference to their roles and responsibilities in disaster risk management.

4.2 Консультационные услуги

Есть ли у землепользователей возможность получать консультации?

Да

4.3 Институциональная (организационная) поддержка

В ходе реализации Подхода были ли организованы новые институциональные структуры или поддержаны уже существующие?
  • да, существенно
Укажите уровень, на котором структуры были укреплены или вновь созданы:
  • местные
  • региональный
Опишите организацию, функции и ответственность, членство и т.д.

CBOs/Village Disaster Management Committee (VDMC)- on an average each CBO/VDMC has 17 members. Their roles and responsibilities entail assessments, beneficiary selection, developing and implementing Risk Reduction Action Plans (RRAPs) with special focus on disaster preparedness and response. A key function entails their engagement in Early Warning Systems (EWS) and planning and implementation of emergency and health infrastructure, shelter protection, and creating access infrastructure. Operation and Management of all built assets and infrastructure is their responsibility.

Local Government/UDMC: on average it has a 36 members. Standing orders on disaster of the government defines their roles and responsibilities which covers the entire gamut of functions associated with disaster risk management at the local level. Strengthening preparedness and leading effective response is critical to their mandate.

Укажите тип поддержки:
  • повышение компетенций/ обучение
  • оборудование
Подробнее:

Megaphone, stretcher, Lifejacket, Lifebuoy, Torchlight, Raincoat, Gumboot, Rope and First aid box are some of the equipments that have been given to target communities. Further, the YRTs have received whistle, umbrella and apron for early response operation

4.4 Мониторинг и оценка

Являются ли мониторинг и оценка частью Подхода?

Да

Комментарии:

A joint monitoring team has been formed comprising representative of CBOs, local government and project staff.

Если да, будет ли данный документ использоваться для мониторинга и оценки?

Нет

4.5 Научные исследования

Были ли научные исследования частью Подхода?

Нет

5. Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка

5.1 Годовой бюджет мероприятий по УЗП в рамках Подхода

Укажите годовой бюджет мероприятий УЗП в рамках Подхода в долларах США :

10384,00

Если точный годовой бюжет неизвестен, укажите примерный диапазон затрат:
  • 10000-100000
Комментарий (например, основные источники финансирования/ ключевые доноры):

Swiss Red Cross

Above mentioned amount is for the Early Warning System Implementation approach only

5.2 Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка, предоставляемая землепользователям

Предоставлялась ли землепользователям финансовая/ материальная поддержка для применения Технологии /Технологий?

Да

5.3 Субсидии на отдельные затраты (включая оплату труда)

  • нет
 
Если труд землепользователя был существенным вкладом, укажите, был ли этот вклад:
  • добровольный
Комментарии:

All actions related to dissemination of early warning were performed on a voluntary basis.

5.4 Кредитование

Предоставлялись ли в рамках Подхода кредиты на мероприятия УЗП?

Нет

5.5 Другие методы или инструменты стимулирования

Использовались ли другие методы или инструменты стимулирования для продвижения Технологий УЗП?

Нет

6. Анализ влияния и заключительные положения

6.1 Влияние Подхода

Сумел ли Подход расширить возможности местных землепользователей, повысить участие заинтересованных сторон?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

The participation of all local stakeholders, especially women, has improved considerably.

Сумел ли Подход дать возможность принимать решения на основе подтвержденных фактов?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

The decision making especially with regard to effectiveness and quality of approach and technologies has been determined by the evidence on the ground.

Сумел ли Подход помочь землепользователям внедрить и поддерживать технологии УЗП?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Since the implementation of technologies and maintenance of built infrastructure has been largely user led, it has improved their capacity to do the same.

Сумел ли Подход мобилизовать/ расширить доступ к финансовым ресурсам для применения практик УЗП?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

User contribution and govt. contribution was a mandatory component of the project which led to mobilisation of resources that supplemented project resources.

Сумел ли Подход расширить знания и возможности других заинтересованных сторон?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Implementation of well designed capacity building plan cognizant of the needs of diverse stakeholders has improved the knowledge and capacities of relevant stakeholders.

Сумел ли Подход укрепить сотрудничество между заинтересоваными сторонами/ выстроить механизмы сотрудничества?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

the central element of the approach has been to ensure sustainability of benefits which cannot be attained without strong institutions collaborating around disaster risk management work. Thus, the approach led to improved collaboration between stakeholders and strengthened institutions.

Сумел ли Подход снизить остроту конфликтов?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

The approach is based on conflict sensitive programme management. This allowed for pro-active identification of conflicts and tensions followed by measures aimed at their mitigation.

Сумел ли Подход расширить возможности социально и экономически уязвимых групп?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

The extreme poor and socially disadvantaged were especially targeted by the disaster preparedness approach

Сумел ли Подход содействать гендерному равенству и расширить права и возможности женщин и девочек?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Though significant improvements are there as women and girls are much more aware about disaster preparedness in general and flood response in particular, there remains room for further improvement.

Сумел ли Подход улучшить санитарные условия и доступ к водоснабжению?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

As part of strengthening preparedness to health hazards, water and sanitation infrastructure set up by the project has greatly improved access to water and sanitation

Сумел ли Подход улучшить способность землепользователей адаптироваться к изменениям климата и смягчать последствия катастрофических погодных явлений?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Strengthened DRM capacities include improved climate adaptation and capacities to mitigate climate induced disasters.

6.2 Основные причины, побуждающие землепользователей внедрять УЗП

  • снижение риска катастрофических погодных явлений

Early warning system helps people prepare and act before the water level crosses danger level (which denotes the settlement is at risk of inundation)

6.3 Долгосрочная устойчивость мероприятий в рамках Подхода

Могут ли землепользователи самостоятельно (без внешней поддержки) продолжать применение того, что было реализовано в рамках Подхода?
  • да
Если да, опишите как:

Union Digital Center is an information hub that exists in the union where people have easy access. The technology is simple and the approach is easy to understand and has already benefited the targeted community. The anchoring of preparedness in general and Early Warning Systems (EWS) in particular in local government and its rolling out in collaboration with communities imparts high probability of sustainability to disaster preparedness measures. During the project cycle, two flood events of significant magnitude have tested the approach and technology and resulted in tangible benefits for the community. At the same time since sustainability considerations are inbuilt in project design and have guided the implementation of the approach and technology, the likelihood of their sustainability is very strong.

6.4 Сильные стороны/ преимущества Подхода

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
A trained group of volunteer is available in the community
Response equipments are in place and ready to use if and when needed
Early Warning System facilitates people's timely access and movement to appropriate emergency infrastructure and protected shelters
Rapid evacuation, especially for physically challenged, children and elderly people, and cattle
Crops are saved due to timely action related to sowing and harvesting
Means of preparedness, such as boat, banana raft, portable cooker, firewood, oral rehydration solution, dry food can be collected beforehand
Balanced representation of community in governmentt mandated disaster committees
Coordination/ communication with development actors and local government/union parishad is more forthcoming
Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
Sustainability dimensions have been well considered and applied in adopted approach and technologies
Strengthened community institutions are in place to address disaster risk Management issues, especially those related preparedness and response mechanisms
Community and local government interface has been strengthened to devise appropriate disaster Management solutions
Decisions on preparedness approach and attendant technologies are taken collectively by stakeholders
A replicable model of early warning systems, emergency and access infrastructure has been established

6.5 Слабые стороны/ недостатки Подхода и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Long term maintenance of response equipments UDMC should play custodian's role; local people should contribute towards recurrent cost
Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Replicability of the model might be difficult due to lack of funds and functionaries available with local government Support local government in negotiating more resources from higher levels of governance and Administration; build capacity of local government to utilise resources efficiently and effectively

7. Справочные материалы и ссылки

7.1 Методы сбора/источники информации

  • опросы землепользователей

15 Key Informant Interview (KII)
2 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

  • опросы специалистов/экспертов по УЗП

4

  • данные, собранные из отчетов и достоверных документов

6

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Three VCA Reports published by UDMC with support of DRRWASH project

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

7.3 Ссылки на материалы, доступные онлайн

Название/ описание:

Flood Forecasting & Warning Centre (FFWC), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), SOD

Адрес в сети Интернет:

http://www.ffwc.gov.bd/#, http://ddm.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/ddm.portal.gov.bd/page/a3f4cc27_7f7d_4c2b_a1b0_166fe6bef73b/udmc.pdf

Ссылки и модули

Развернуть все Свернуть все

Модули

Нет модулей