1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Италия

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

02/06/2011

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Soil bund and Fanya Juu constructed along the contour lines in microwatershed to conserve soil moisture and control erosion.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

Soil bund and Fanya Juu constructed in combination in a microwatershed for retaining maximum possible rain water in the soil by obstructing runoff water. Soil bunds are suitable for steeper slopes compared to fanya juu terraces which are more effective in gentle and flatter slopes.Land users in the SWC area prefer to combine the two physical structures for many reasons.One important factor is the cost of establishment, which is a function of labour needed for the construction. Fanya juu which means throwing soil upslope in Kiswahili intails throwing soil upslope which is more labours than throwing soil to downslope in the case of soil bunds. The other reason is that cultivated lands with fanya juu terraces are not easily accessed by free grazing livestock. The ditches placed in the downslope side of the embankment (fanya juu) is not easily vrossable but in soil bund although not that easy livestock are seen to trample over the embankment and jump the ditch which is placed in the upslope side. The other advantage farmers consider is that Fanya juu is more efficient in controlling runoff because the water that overtops the embankment is trapped by the ditch. Fanya Juu despite its high cost is preferred to be applied in combination with bunds because of the other advantage that it forms bench terrace rapidly.

Purpose of the Technology: The major purpose is to trap as much rain water as possible and also control soil erosion. Cultivated lands with with Soil bund and Fanya Juu have shown remarkable improvement in soil moistureavailability to crops compared to fields with no measures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Soil bund and Fanya Juu are established in the same way by digging soil from and embanking it on a contour line. A contour line is laid out by following zero gradient. Once the soil is dug and embanked it is lightly compacted to avoid colapse. To further ensure bund stabilityuseful trees/shrubs are planted.The planted tree/shrub species are those offering multiuses such as fodder, fertility improving and fuelwood. Maintenance: It is done by repairing breaks and managing planted trees on the structure or by upgrading the structure by increasing its height and plant improved tree and fruit tree species.

Natural / human environment: The technology is suitable to semiarid climatic condition which have erratic rains and where crop production is limited by soil moisture stress. Soils in the technology area are susceptable to erosion and therefore the structure should be stablized by planting trees or grass species.

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Если год начала применения Технологии достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

• менее 10 лет назад (недавняя)

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• через проекты/ внешнее вмешательство

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

Fanya juu is first practiced in Kenya and soil bunds are also exotic but experienced widely in Ethiopia over the past 30 years.

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• снижение или предотвращение деградации земель, восстановление нарушенных земель
• сохранение экосистем

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Пояснения:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, productivity decline, degraded grazing and forest lands, soil moisture stress.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Poor crop production, high fertilizer cost, lack of grazing land.

3.3 Дополнительная информация о землепользовании

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• богарные земли

Поясните:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Nov

3.4 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• мероприятия по влагозадержанию и снижению эрозии почв на склонах
• управление поверхностными водами (родники, реки, озёра, моря)

3.5 Распределение Технологии по площади

Пояснения:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 15 km2.

Soil and water conservation activities started in the area about 30 years ago by the extension program of the Ministry of Agriculture. Systematically planned SWC measures, however, came into picture recently as Integrated microwatersheds planning & implementation approach was introduced.

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

Пояснения:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pk: sealing and crusting

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• снижение деградации земель
• восстановление/ реабилитация нарушенных земель

Пояснения:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 Спецификация / пояснения к техническому рисунку

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Early planting
Material/ species: sorghum and maize
Quantity/ density: 80-100000
Remarks: broadcasting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: sorghum-teff-beans
Remarks: broadcasting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: maize, sunflower

Agronomic measure: mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: wheat-safflower
Remarks: broadcasting

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: field crops (safflower sunflower)

Manure / compost / residues
Remarks: at homesteads

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: Dap, Urea
Quantity/ density: 1.5 q/ha

Minimum tillage
Remarks: at pilot level for maize planting

Contour tillage
Remarks: For cereal crops on terraced cultivated lands

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 50-100

Trees/ shrubs species: casea seame, leucanea, sesbania

Grass species: local, elephant grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 2.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 1.00%

Waterway
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 500m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3m

Bund/ bank: level
Spacing between structures (m): 1.5m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 150m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.65m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 150m

Structural measure: diversion ditch / cut-off drain
Spacing between structures (m): 200m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.75m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 120m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 150m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.2m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 150m

Construction material (earth): soil bund and fanya juu

Construction material (stone): waterways and diversions

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 2%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:1

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: cut and carry, weeding and cultivation and proper management.

Other type of management: site guarding - 0vergrazed lands are closed for establishing vegetation.

4.3 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

другая/ национальная валюта (название):

Birr

Укажите обменный курс между долларом США и местной валютой (если уместно): 1 доллар США =:

8,6

4.4 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки
1.	collecting seeds	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	dry season
2.	seedling production	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	dry season
3.	seedling planting	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	rainy season
4.	direct sowing of seeds	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	rainy season
5.	contour marking	Инженерные	dry season
6.	embanking soils	Инженерные	dry season
7.	light compaction	Инженерные	dry season
8.	fencing	Управленческие	dry season

4.5 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Labour	ha	1,0	199,0	199,0	20,0
Оборудование	Tools	ha		63,0		5,0
Посадочный материал	Seeds	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0	100,0
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					207,0

Пояснения:

Duration of establishment phase: 84 month(s)

4.6 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	tillage /primary)	Агрономические
2.	tillage/secondary/	Агрономические
3.	seedbed preartaion	Агрономические
4.	planting/sowing	Агрономические
5.	Weeding	Агрономические
6.	cultivation	Агрономические
7.	weeding and cultivation	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	after rains /annual
8.	replanting	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	during rains /annual
9.	repair breaks	Инженерные	after rains/as required
10.	upgrading	Инженерные	dry season/annual
11.	upgrading and repairing of breaks	Управленческие	before rains / annual

4.7 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Labour	ha	1,0	13,0	13,0	100,0
Общая стоимость поддержания Технологии					13,0

Пояснения:

length of terrace, number of trees planted

4.8 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

slope, soil condition labour availability

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

Landforms: Hill slopes (are largley cultivated and some grazing lands, ranked 1), valley floors (are totally cultivated lands and have potentials if suffiecent rains are received, ranked 2) and mountain slopes (are grazing and shrub lands. Valley floors depend for runoff water from this, ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Flat (bunds were built before but silted up due to soil burial, ranked 1), rolling (ranked 2) as well as gentle and moderate (both ranked 3)

5.3 Почвы

Если возможно, приложите полное описание почв или укажите доступную информацию, например тип почв, рH/ кислотность почв, ёмкость катионного обмена, содержание азота, содержание солей и т.д.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (soils on gentle slopes where the technology is dominantly practiced, ranked 1), shallow (soils on hillslopes are predominantly , ranked 2) and deep (soils in the valley floors are moderately deep to deep, ranked 3)
Soil texture is medium (on gentle slopes and valley floors, ranked 1) and coarse/light (on hilly slopes and gentle slopes, ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility is very low (soils that are continuously cropped on gentle slopes, ranked 1), low (soils on steep slopes because of erosion, ranked 2) and medium (soils on valley floors because of deposited soils, ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter is low (soils of shallow depth on hillslopes, ranked 1) and medium (soils on valley floors, ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is low (shallow soils on the hillslopes, ranked 1) and medium (soils in the valley floors, ranked 2)

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
5% of the land users are rich (have means to pay labour).
35% of the land users are average wealthy (get organized in groups for labour share).
60% of the land users are poor (are beneficiaries of food for work).
Off-farm income specification: land users who have implemented SWC measures have better income compared with those who have not implemented SWC.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (land is tilled by oxen plough)
Market orientation cropland: Subsistence (poor and average farmers produced for themselves, ranked 1) and mixed (better of and rich produce food for own consumption and also market, ranked 2)

5.7 Средний размер земельных участков, арендуемых или находящихся в собственности землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• государственная

Право землепользования:

• неограниченное (неконтролируемое)
• индивидуальное

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Продуктивность

Доходы и затраты

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Водный цикл/ поверхностный сток

Почвы

Другие экологические последствия

6.2 Влияние Технологии за пределами территории ее применения

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

Среди применяющих Технологию землепользователей, какова доля лиц, применяющих её по собственной инициативе, т.е. без какого-либо материального стимулирования со стороны?

• 0-10%

Пояснения:

95% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Spontaneous adoption is being observed who are average in wealth in particular and in families who have adequate awarness of SWC measures in general.

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
Structures do not hinder farm operations because they are widely spaced. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Practice inter bund measures that trap runoff efficiently.
Fodder is grown on bunds and there is no area lost How can they be sustained / enhanced? Strengthening the introduction of high yielding fodder species.
Homestead intensification activities are integrated with the SWC technology. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Embrace more land in the program
Crop, fodder and wood production increased because of plantation, structures and area enclosures. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use more efficient techniques and inputs that enhance soil fertility.
Crop production has increased because of improved soil moisture avalability.

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
are labour consuming	organize farmers in groups and undertake repairs before the damage gets more serious
require frequent maintenance

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
require regular maintenance	make quality structures and avoid livestock interference
require closer protection and guarding	practice more cut and carry