1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

27/02/2003

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Development of degraded lands through plantation of productive tree species for long term benefit (conservation and economic) and cultivation of intercrop for short term benefit.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

The technology can be described as a combination of tree cultivation ( mainly horticulture species) along with intercrop of pulse crops on degraded private lands, supported by in-situ measures for soil and water conservation. The supportive technology required is provision of water for protective irrigation during establishment phase.

Purpose of the Technology: the technology serves the folowing purposes 1. Short and long term economic benefits to land owners 2. Employment generation leading to reduced migration 3. Conservation of soil and water through vegetative and mechanical measures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: 1. Community organisation, formation of Village Development Association, Identification and training of beneficiaries 2. Delineation of micro-watersheds and plantation blocks. 3. Establishment of farmers's nurseries 4. Land preparation, sinking bore-well, plantation and inter-cropping 5. Watch and ward.

Natural / human environment: The environment is semi-arid, drought prone and subject to wind erosion. Soil depth is good.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Если год начала применения Технологии достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

• более 50 лет назад (традиционная)

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• через проекты/ внешнее вмешательство

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

The technology evolved out farmers suggestions and project experiences while implementing the shelter programme to combat wind erosion.

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• повышение производства
• снижение или предотвращение деградации земель, восстановление нарушенных земель

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Пояснения:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Uncontrolled grazing on un-cultivated lands, abandonment of fields by poor farmers due to recurrent crop failure as a result of drought.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Crop lands are not economocal to cultivate due to recurrent crop failure as a result of drought. This has lead to abandonment of fields and increase in numbers of small livestock which are left free to graze.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: The area is single cropped and hence only one food crop is taken per year.

3.3 Дополнительная информация о землепользовании

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• сочетание богарных и орошаемых земель

Число урожаев за год:

• 1

Поясните:

Longest growing period in days: 100 Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Jan

3.4 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• агролесоводство

3.5 Распределение Технологии по площади

Пояснения:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3.83 km2.

The area is predominantly degraded land affected by wind erosion. The annual rainfall is <600 mm, however distribution is erratic resulting in drought conditions. People are mostly small farmers engaged in rainfed agriculture, however large areas have been abandoned due to frequent crop failure. The technology has been applied in a gross area of over 300 sq.km.

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

Пояснения:

Main type of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

4.2 Спецификация / пояснения к техническому рисунку

Technical Drawing Agro-forestry

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, reduction in wind speed

Better crop cover
Material/ species: trees + legume crops
Quantity/ density: 125 trees/
Remarks: Block plantation/ intercorp

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: trees + legume crops
Quantity/ density: 125 trees/
Remarks: Block plantation/ intercorp

Mulching
Material/ species: soil mulch
Quantity/ density: 125 basins
Remarks: 1 m. diameter basin per tree

Agronomic measure: vegetative hedges
Material/ species: agace, euphorbia sp.
Quantity/ density: 15 cm. Spa
Remarks: Along field boundries

Pits
Remarks: 125 pits/ha., 9 m. spacing. 45*45*45 cm for local species & 60*60*60 cm for grafts.

Deep tillage / double digging
Remarks: disc ploughing before pitting in first year, tiller ploughing annually at sowing of intercorp..

Trees/ shrubs species: Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebeck

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Anacardium occidentale, Tamarandus indicus, Emblica officianalis, Mangifera incica

Other species: Phaseolus mungo, Arachis hypogea

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 3.00%

Change of land use type: open grazing, cropping to agro-forestry

Change of land use practices / intensity level: open access to protected

Layout change according to natural and human environment: borewell blocks formed as per human environment but within watershed boundary.

Control / change of species composition: scrub clearance followed by plantation of agro-horticulture species.

Other type of management: VDA established - to manage all activities at village level

4.3 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

другая/ национальная валюта (название):

Indian Rupee

Укажите обменный курс между долларом США и местной валютой (если уместно): 1 доллар США =:

48,85

4.4 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки
1.	Nursery raising	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	May - Nov
2.	Planting in pits	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Oct -Dec, onset of monsoon
3.	Life watering	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	immediately after plantation
4.	Planting of vegetative hedges	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Oct - Dec
5.	Sowing of intercrop (broadcasting, dibbling)	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Premonsoon-groundnut, monsoon-legumes
6.	Application of FYM to intercrop	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	September during tiller ploughing
7.	Selection of village as per criteria	Управленческие	Mar/Apr, dry season
8.	Rapport building, awareness generation	Управленческие
9.	VDA formation	Управленческие	April / May
10.	Development of watershed plan including agroforestry	Управленческие	May / June
11.	Trainings for VDA, farmers, nursery etc.	Управленческие	Jun - Aug

4.5 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

Пояснения:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	scrub clearance	Агрономические	Sept/Oct,dry season / once before planting
2.	deep ploughing	Агрономические	Oct/Nov,onset of monsoon / once before planting
3.	pitting	Агрономические	Oct/Nov / once before planting
4.	manuring	Агрономические	Oct/Nov / once before planting
5.	filling pits, planting, forming basins	Агрономические	Nov / once before planting
6.	life watering	Агрономические	Nov / after planting
7.	tiller ploughing & sowing	Агрономические	Oct/Nov / annually after onset of monsoon
8.	maintenance of tree basins	Агрономические	Oct / after annual tiller ploughing
9.	Periodical watering	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	dry months 1st year /weekly
10.	Weed removal	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Nov / Dec /once during annual crop
11.	Application of pesticides	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Dec - Feb /as necessary
12.	Pruning	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Nov /annually
13.	Casualty replacement	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Nov /One year after plantation
14.	Monitoring by VDA	Управленческие	- / monthly
15.	Hand pump maintenance	Управленческие	/ as required
16.	Protection against animals	Управленческие	Year one / full time

4.7 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

Пояснения:

- The costs were calculated for establishment of one block (average area 12.5 ha.) of horticulture plantation with project support. The agriculture component was implemented by farmer with project support for seeds during first monsoon and tiller ploughing during second monsoon.

4.8 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

- Establishment of the technology requires high labor input, specially for watering and watch & ward, which adds significantly to the cost. - Presence of hard pan necessiates deep ploughing with machinery. - Horticulture tree species were selected over forest species.

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

Landforms: Plateau/plains (level lands lying between hill slopes of Western mountain range & East coast of south India.)
Slopes on average: Flat (level land with some gullies passing through (originating in upper hilly area))

5.3 Почвы

Если возможно, приложите полное описание почв или укажите доступную информацию, например тип почв, рH/ кислотность почв, ёмкость катионного обмена, содержание азота, содержание солей и т.д.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (ranked 1) and deep (ranked 2, patches of deep soil)
Soil texture: Medium (sandy loam)
Soil fertility: Medium (loss of top soil due to erosion)
Topsoil organic matter: Medium (originally low before agro-forestry)
Soil drainage/infiltration level: Medium (presence of hardpan below six inch depth. However, no waterlogging is observed due to runoff.)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium (has improved due to deep ploughing post treatment)

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 1% - 2%
11% of the land users are rich and own 18% of the land (large holdings > 2 ha.).
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 56% of the land (holdings of 1 to 2 ha.).
39% of the land users are poor and own 26% of the land (holdings < 1 ha.).
Off-farm income specification: Off farm sources are; poor - rolling beedis (locally made cigarettes), daily wage labor in fields and brick kilns. Average / rich; Business, livestock.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (ranked 1, pitting, planting, watering, cultivating, watch and ward), mechanised (ranked 2, deep ploughing, tiller ploughing, drilling borewell) and animal traction (ranked 3, ploughing)

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• индивидуальная, оформленная в собственность

Право землепользования:

• индивидуальное

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

Пояснения:

99% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

284 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

1% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

2 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Farmers are purchasing seedlings for plantation on their fields in small patches around existing water sources - Farmers who did not participate initially are now expressing a desire to treat their lands under the project.

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Review reports.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Chief Engineer, Agriculture Engineering Department, Anna Salai-439, Nandanam, Chennai-600035

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Project Implementation Plan. 2001.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Programme Coordinator, WDCU, 11/1 Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Participatory Impact Evaluation. 2001.