1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - Танзания

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - Танзания

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

11/06/2014

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.4 Декларация по устойчивости описываемой Технологии

Вызывает ли описанная здесь Технология проблемы деградации земель настолько, что ее нельзя назвать природосберегающей?

Нет

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Improved cassava production through the use of contour bund stabilized with cajanus cajan, manure application, cover crops (ground nuts) and improved cassava germplasm.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

The technology involves a combination of structural, vegetative and agronomic land use practices aiming at improving production of cassava (Manihot esculenta), improving potential of the soil and environmental function of the land. The technology is among a list of basket of choices of SLM practices recently introduced and adapted to the area by land user and experts working with SCC-Vi Agroforestry an NGO contracted/outsourced by the Tras-boundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP) for provision of SLM advisory and extension services.
Contour bunds are constructed across the sloppy landscapes of average slope 5 – 8 % and are arranged in rows from the top to the bottom of the slope. The average distance between contour bunds is 15 meters. A contour bund is a row of long narrow furrow of average width 90cm and average depth 30cm dug across the slope using simple tools and leveled using A-frame method. Dug soils are piled below the slope to form a long strip earth of fanya chini bund. The average height and width of a bund is 30cm and 45cm respectively. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) are planted on contour bund to make them more stronger and productive. A single stand of pigeon pea has two plants and the distance between stands is 30 cm. Improved cassavas (Manihot esculenta) variety (mkombozi) that are resistant to cassava mosaic virus are planted in rows between contour bunds. Within rows, the space between cassavas is 1meter and between rows is 1meter. Manure application is applied before cassava planting at the rate of 2kgs per each plant hole. Cassava is usually planted on May and is harvested after one year. Cassava is planted together with groundnuts (Arachis hypogea) as a cover crop. Despite of having the nutritional advantage to farmers, pigeon pea and groundnuts also diversifies farmers’ livelihood income and have a key role of improving ecosystem through soil water conservation (prevent unproductive loss of green water) and improve soil fertility (through soil nutrient replenishment) and their after harvest remains are sources of organic matter.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of the technology is to:
1) Increase cassava productivity 2) Improved livelihood of the rural poor through diversification of income sources (cajanus cajan, groundnuts and cassava) and 3) conserve and restore ecosystem through soil fertility improvement (replacement of nutrients lost through uptake by plants), soil moisture improvement (by preventing blue water loss through runoff and green water loss through unproductive evaporation) and control of cassava pests and diseases (use of cassava varieties that are resistant to cassava mosaic virus).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment activities include land preparation, ploughing and harrowing, contour bund construction and leveling using A-frame, manure procurement and application. Maintenance and recurrent activities involves collection of cassava planting materials and planting, vegetative stabilization of the bunds by planting Cajanus cajan, planting of cover crops (groundnuts within cassava farm), weeding/gap filling and harvesting.

Natural / human environment: The natural environment includes crop land dominated with separate annual crops. A combination of structural and vegetative measure (contour bund strengthened and made more productive with Cajanus cajan). Climatic zone is sub humid with 210 length of growing period (LGP). Slope category is moderate lying between 5-8%. Soil texture is gravel sandy loam with medium soil depth.
On human environment, mechanization is dominated by use of handy tools and occasional use of tractors. Production system is mixed (both for subsistence and commercial purposes). Inputs used includes tools (hand hoe, machete, sickles, spade and mattock), light and heavy labour, manure, seeds and cassava planting materials with average annual costs of 1033.47 USD per hectare. Land ownership is individual not titles. The expected average annual gross revenue per hectare accrued from cassava alone is 20580 USD.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Если год начала применения Технологии достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

• менее 10 лет назад (недавняя)

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• через проекты/ внешнее вмешательство

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

Recently introduced through interventions supported by Tran Boundary Agro-ecosystem management project (Kagera TAMP).

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• повышение производства
• снижение или предотвращение деградации земель, восстановление нарушенных земель
• создание благоприятных экономических условий

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Пояснения:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion caused by rainfall water runoff, low soil fertility due to excessive nutrient plant uptake without replenishment and moisture water stress.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion, low moisture and low crop productivity.
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: cropping system is largely dominated with annual and perennial cropping and there is also some patches of agroforestry (largely fruit trees like avocados and mangoes).

3.3 Дополнительная информация о землепользовании

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• богарные земли

Число урожаев за год:

• 2

Поясните:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: September to December Second longest growing period in days: 90 Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• Улучшение почвенного/ растительного покрова
• Комплексное управление почвенным плодородием

3.5 Распределение Технологии по площади

Охарактеризуйте пространственное распространение Технологии :

• равномерно-однородное применение на определенной площади

Если Технология равномерно применяется на той или иной территории, укажите ее приблизительную общую площадь:

• < 0,1 км2 (10 га)

Пояснения:

SLM technology was applied in the area under FFS training and partially adopted to some individual farmers fields (FFS members).

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

Пояснения:

Specification of other vegetative measures: vegetative stabilization of bund using cajanus cajan
Specification of other structural measures: Contour bund construction

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

Пояснения:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (no use of soil fertlization measures), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Nutrient removal by plants without replenishment), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (no use of structural measures to control rainfal runoff and support infiltration), change in temperature (Soil moisture stress to excessive rise in temperature due to climatic change and variability), change of seasonal rainfall (Moisrure stress aring from reduction of the seasonal rainfall (due to climatic change and variability)), droughts (Soil moistrure stress due to unpredicted droughts), population pressure (Continuous use of the land without fallow periods or fertilility replenishment), poverty / wealth (Farmer incapacity to invest in sustainable land managment), labour availability (Migration of the youth to the town leaving behind the less enegetic elders incapable of managing labour intensive SLM), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge about SLM.), governance / institutional (No deriberate institutional support to SLM)

Secondary causes of degradation: inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (Water runoff intensified by nearby road construction)

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• предотвращение деградации земель
• восстановление/ реабилитация нарушенных земель

4.2 Спецификация / пояснения к техническому рисунку

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (field staff/agriculture advisers are knowledgeable of the principle behind use of contour bund and manuring and therefore can do with short/simple retraining seminars and learning by doing on the job.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: high (Farmers/land users needs thorough understanding of the principle behind use of contour bund and soil fertility replenishment methods. They also need significant shift of mind set.)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Cover cropping
Material/ species: groundnuts
Quantity/ density: 0.2 ton/ha
Remarks: random

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: manure
Quantity/ density: 10ton/ha
Remarks: 1kgs on manure per cassava plant hole

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 1000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 15
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 15
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6

Trees/ shrubs species: cajanus cajani planted as seeds
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5 - 8%
Gradient along the rows / strips: 5%

Structural measure: Contour bund
Spacing between structures (m): 15
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.9
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 100

Construction material (earth): dug soils are piled down slope (fanya chini) or above slope (fanya juu)
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5 -8%
Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%
Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

другая/ национальная валюта (название):

Tanzanian shillings

Укажите обменный курс между долларом США и местной валютой (если уместно): 1 доллар США =:

1700,0

4.4 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки
1.	Planting cajanus cajan (perennial shrub)	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	once
2.	Construction of contour bunds	Инженерные	once
3.	Purchese tools	Агрономические
4.	Traction hire	Агрономические

4.5 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Planting cajanus cajan (perennial shrub)	person/days	13,0	1,7	22,1	100,0
Оплата труда	Construction of contour bunds	person/days	13,0	3,46	44,98	100,0
Оборудование	Tractor (hired)	pieces	1,0	95,0	95,0
Оборудование	Tools	pieces	34,0	2,941	99,99	100,0
Посадочный материал	Seeds	kg	6,0	27,0	162,0
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					424,07

Пояснения:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	land preparation for tractor operation/ cleaning/grass slashing (usually occasional depends on land complexity)	Агрономические	November
2.	land manual harrowing (after tractor tilling).	Агрономические	November
3.	manure application	Агрономические	May
4.	Planting of cassava and groundnuts.	Агрономические	May
5.	weeding cassava, groundnuts and pigeon pea (done concurrently)	Агрономические	twice
6.	Harvesting and transportation of groundnuts.	Агрономические	Jully
7.	Harvesting and transportation of cassava (after one year)	Агрономические	May
8.	harvesting cajanus cajan	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	once
9.	Maintenance of the contour bunds (cleaning of the furrow floor/walls and reshaping of the bunds)	Инженерные	once

4.7 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	land preparation for tractor operation/ cleaning/grass slashing (usually occasional depends on land complexity)	person/days	13,0	1,7615	22,9	100,0
Оплата труда	land manual harrowing (after tractor tilling).	person/days	13,0	3,55	46,15	100,0
Оплата труда	manure application	person/days	13,0	3,55	46,15	100,0
Оплата труда	Planting of cassava and groundnuts.	person/days	13,0	0,88	11,44
Посадочный материал	Groudnut seeds	kg	200,0	0,4706	94,12	100,0
Посадочный материал	Cassava cuttings	cuttings	10000,0	0,011765	117,65
Удобрения и ядохимикаты	Compost/manure	tons/ha	10,0	13,235	132,35
Другие	Labour: weeding cassava, groundnuts and pigeon pea (done concurrently)	person/days	13,0	3,54	46,02	100,0
Другие	Labour: Harvesting and transportation of groundnuts.	person/days	13,0	0,88	11,44	100,0
Другие	Harvesting and transportation of cassava (after one year)	person/days	13,0	2,65	34,45	100,0
Другие	Labour: harvesting cajanus cajan	person/days	13,0	1,76	22,88	100,0
Другие	Labour: Maintenance of the contour bunds (cleaning of the furrow floor/walls and reshaping of the bunds)	person/days	6,0	3,83333	23,0	100,0
Общая стоимость поддержания Технологии					608,55

Пояснения:

Machinery/ tools: hand hoe, sickles, machete and mattock, hand hoe, spade, sickles and machete

The costs are calculated per unit hectare.

4.8 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

Manure application is the most cost determinant factor

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Укажите, приурочено ли применение Технологии к специфическим условиям:

• в условиях выпуклого рельефа

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

Altitudinal zone: 1001-1500 m a.s.l. (average attitudinal zonation is 1200 m a.s.l.)
Slopes on average: Moderate (average slope is between 5-6%)

5.3 Почвы

Если возможно, приложите полное описание почв или укажите доступную информацию, например тип почв, рH/ кислотность почв, ёмкость катионного обмена, содержание азота, содержание солей и т.д.

Soil depth on average: Shallow (Soil depth is between 30 -50 cm)
Soil texture: Medium (Soil texture is sandy loam)
Soil fertility: Low (There is low soil fertility due to nature of soil and wash by rainfall runoff)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (easy washout of organic matter and nutrients due to the nature of the landscape and soil textural characteristics)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good (The area is dominated by sandy loam soil which characteristically have good drainage and infiltration)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium (characteristics of sandy loam)

5.4 Доступность и качество воды

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по качеству и количеству воды:

Ground water table: >50m (is difficult to access ground water table)
Availability of surface water: Also poor/none (There is no surface water in the area. People in the nearby or around the area fetch water from the natural springs found in the lower distant hilly/mountain floors)
Water quality: Good drinking water (water in the lower mountainous floors is in permanent water spring and is good drinking water)

5.5 Биоразнообразие

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по биоразнообразию:

Flora biodiversity is largely dominated by few species of natural grasses dominated by hyperenia rufa and with some limited amount of fauna (ants, earth worms and some insects).

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

15% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land (own land greater than 5 acres with reliable off farm income).
40% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land (own land not more than 5 acres with some pety business).
30% of the land users are poor and own 30% of the land (average land owned is 2 acreas).
15% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (land owned is less than 2 acres and rely on casual labourer).

Off-farm income specification: average rich and poor land users largely use the technology. On the other hand rich land users with reliable off farm income and very poor land users who largely relies on casual labourer seldom use the technology.
Market orientation: Mixed (cassava and groundnuts production are meant for subsistance and commercial use)
Level of mechanization: Manual work (manually using simple hand tools dominated by hand hoe)

5.7 Средний размер земельных участков, арендуемых или находящихся в собственности землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• общинная/ поселковая
• индивидуальная, оформленная в собственность

Право землепользования:

• общинное (контролируемое)
• индивидуальное

Право водопользования:

• общинное (контролируемое)

Пояснения:

Domestic water sources are for the use of all community but are governed by agreed management rules e.g. it is strictly prohibited to water the animals in domestic water sources and there is clear identification and demarcation of areas used for washing and collecting water for drinking and cooking.

5.9 Доступ к базовым услугам и инфраструктуре

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Продуктивность

Доходы и затраты

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Водный цикл/ поверхностный сток

Почвы

Биоразнообразие: растительность, животный мир

Климат и снижение риска стихийных бедствий

6.2 Влияние Технологии за пределами территории ее применения

6.3 Подверженность и чувствительность Технологии УЗП к постепенным изменениям климата и экстремальным погодным явлениям/ стихийным бедствиям, связанным с изменением климата (в понимании землепользователей)

Постепенное изменение климата

Постепенное изменение климата

	Сезон	Тип изменения климата/ экстремального явления	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
среднегодовые температуры		увеличилось	плохо

Экстремальные явления, связанные с изменением климата (стихийные бедствия)

Погодные стихийные бедствия

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
местные ливневые дожди	плохо
местные ураганы	не известно

Стихийные бедствия климатического характера

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
засухи	плохо

Гидрологические стихийные бедствия

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
регулярные наводнения (выход рек из берегов)	не известно

Другие воздействия, связанные с изменением климата

Другие воздействия, связанные с изменением климата

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
сокращение вегетационного периода	хорошо

Пояснения:

Cover crops (groundnuts) where used to provide vegetative cover and to some extent reduce the effect of excessive soil moisture loss due to direct sunlight and by reducing the speed of rainfall runoff.

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Пояснения:

At the beginning only slightly positive benefits are realized this is caused by the high investment/establishment costs. But with time benefits are very positive and overcomes establishment costs (non recurrent costs e.g. due to construction of contour bunds).

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

• более 50%

Если возможно, дайте количественную характеристику (число домохозяйств и/или площадь применения):

34 households and 100% of the area covered

Среди применяющих Технологию землепользователей, какова доля лиц, применяющих её по собственной инициативе, т.е. без какого-либо материального стимулирования со стороны?

• 10-50%

Пояснения:

76% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
17 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: 13 members groups participated in 0.25 acre plot of cassava as test crop

24% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
17 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: early adopters

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: it is early to give the overall picture of technology adoption as it was recently introduced in April 2013.

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
Simple to learn/ farmers gained soil fertilization knowledge.
Farmers gained soil management skills through learning by doing

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
The technology contributes in improved crop production and productivity.
Contour bund are stabilized with cajanus cajani which contributes to farmers nutrition and income.
Cover crops (groundnuts) that are grown within cassava are alternative sources of income to farmer before cassava is ready for harvesting and also improves soil fertility and moisture.

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
High initial investment costs. Farmers are capital strapped and have low investment capacity.	Raise farmers investment capacity through establishment and their direct engagement to rural micro finance institutions (SACCOS and VICOBA).
Unintended results due to the negative effects of climatic change and variability	Find means and ways to mitigate adapt climatic change and variability (e.g. use of drought resistant varieties).
Contour bund construction is labour intensive and can not be performed by older people who lacks physical strength and energy.	Make sure that FFS groups compose a balance of youth and elders who can play complementary roles to each others.

7.1 Методы сбора/ источники информации