1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Швейцария

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Кыргызстан

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

01/08/2008

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.5 Ссылка на Анкету (-ы) по Подходам УЗП

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Rotational grazing on village pastures with heavy pressure with daily to weekly change of grazing places.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

The herding season is from the beginnning of March to the End of Octobre or even beginning of Decembre. Total area is between 10-20 km2, depending on how strictly the borders are understood. Cows, sheep, goats and donkeys compose the herds. Grazing begins when soil moisture begins to decreaset, first with the little animals, that are supposed to better cope with slippery conditions. After two weeks the cows are led to the pastures and in some cases they will be grazed alone, because sheep and goats disturb them. The grazing zone is situated between 1400 and 1700 m. Rotation begins on the lower pastures, at the beginning of summer the higher pastures are used and towards autumn the animals graze near the villages again, sometimes on cropland, feeding on crop residues. The herders are advised to change place after 2-3 days, but often stay in one place for a longer time. The animals are gathered on the way out of the village a little after dawn, than brought to the pastures. At noon-time they will be lead to a shady place close to a stream, if possible. The same places are visited three or more times per season.

Purpose of the Technology: The animals should be nourished and the cows should give milk. A land user kept his cow at home towards the end of summer, because it stopped giving milk, from the sparse and dry vegetation on the pastures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The costs for this form of herding are lost days at school for the children. It largely works without external inputs (such as fertilisers). Other inputs such as salt for the animals are covered by the landowner.

Natural / human environment: These pasture-areas are heaviliy suffering from overuse on one hand and from droughts on the other side. They are in a generally well-conserved state. Fractional vegetation cover is low, especially tree cover, and the proportion non-palatable species relatively high. Erosion by water, including gullies, and crusting, are common phenomena, especially in low cover areas.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Если год начала применения Технологии достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

• более 50 лет назад (традиционная)

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• как часть традиционной системы землепользования (более 50 лет назад)

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

Already before the USSR the villages used to have their hamlets and grazed them around the villages, but also in the formerly not very populated plains. By the settlement of people in the plains and population growth from the 1970ies onward livestock numbers and pressure on natural resources started to increase there. And through Soviet collective agriculture people were forced to keep livestock close to the villages, as a consequence of their employment. In addition, grazing on the territory of forest administration, founded in the 1960ies, was forbidden for the villagers.

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Пояснения:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soils are heavily degraded in the sense of generally high levels of compaction and crusting and low organic matter contents. Vegetation is especially reduced in cover, not necessarily in biomass and, the fraction of good pasture species is low.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Many trees have been cut down during civil war and till today, leaving back a soil without protection. Animals grazing on these pastures are not fat, often sick and cows give little and sometimes (in summer) no milk. An often mentioned problem is the situation of drought in 2008 and animals staying in one place for longer periods, which leads to degradation of vegetation.

Ranching: sheep and goats / cows and donkeys.

Grazingland comments: In spring sheep and goats are herded before cows, then in a separate herd and toward the end of the season, together.

Type of grazing system comments: In spring sheep and goats are herded before cows, then in a separate herd and toward the end of the season, together.

3.3 Дополнительная информация о землепользовании

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• богарные земли

Число урожаев за год:

• 1

Поясните:

Longest growing period in days: 270Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Jul

Поголовье скота на единицу площади (если применимо):

< 1 LU/km2

3.4 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• Кочевое животноводство и пастбищное хозяйство

3.5 Распределение Технологии по площади

Охарактеризуйте пространственное распространение Технологии :

• равномерно-однородное применение на определенной площади

Если Технология равномерно применяется на той или иной территории, укажите ее приблизительную общую площадь:

• 10-100 км2

Пояснения:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 15 m2.

For some villages figures are available, for instance for Karsang: This village has alltogether 850 ha of common grazing land, for officially 212 cows and 775 little animals. For the whole Jamoat the figures are of around 2500 ha of pasture-land (not all in the study-area) for 2695 cows and 5950 little animals.

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

Пояснения:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

Пояснения:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Big livestock numbers on little surface.), poverty / wealth (People depend on livestock and on cheap pastures.)

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts (Many people mention that rainfalls were much lower in 2007-2008 than normally.), population pressure (Especially from the 1970ies onward population increased rapidly.), land tenure (As long as no-one is really responsible for the are, conservation measures are difficult to implement.), war and conflicts (Civil war was detrimental to the (little) economic, non-agricultural sector (textiles, car-parts) and to the institutions, so that many people had to return to agricultural activities.)

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• снижение деградации земель

Пояснения:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

4.2 Спецификация / пояснения к техническому рисунку

Rotation of the village herds.

Location: Karsang and other villages. Faizabad

Date: 20.08.09

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (The practiced rotation follows the humour of the herders (often children) and is not complicated.)

Secondary technical functions: improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), increase of biomass (quantity)

Change of land use practices / intensity level: The begin of grazing and the rotation is fixed by a village committee. Animals should not stay at one place for longer than 3 days.

4.3 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

другая/ национальная валюта (название):

Somoni

Укажите обменный курс между долларом США и местной валютой (если уместно): 1 доллар США =:

3,42

4.4 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки
1.	Villagers buy animals, usually 6-10 goats and / or sheep, 1-2 cows and / or donkeys.	Управленческие	Constantly size is regulated.

4.5 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Другие	buy the animals	per year	1,0	1170,0	1170,0	100,0
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					1170,0

4.6 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	Per capita fee taxes	Управленческие	Once per year.
2.	Buying concentrated feed, depending on the financial resources of the land user.	Управленческие	Bought once per year, for winter period.
3.	Haymaking and / or buying, depending on labour, financial resources and livestock numbers.	Управленческие	June-July, respectively later, if bought.
4.	Medecine and salt for animals	Управленческие	Irregularly, resp. daily to weekly.

4.7 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Другие	Per capita fee taxes	per year	12,0	1,0	12,0
Другие	Buying concentrated feed	kg	425,0	0,53	225,25
Другие	Medecine and salt for the animals	for all animals	1,0	45,0	45,0
Общая стоимость поддержания Технологии					282,25

Пояснения:

The calculated costs apply to each land user's cost for this herding system.

4.8 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

The most important cost factor is buying livestock. Recurrent costs are low, but rent fees for pastures are percieved as being high.

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

Altidudinal zone: Most pastures are close to the villages, on around 1300-1500 m, but some pastures reach altitudes of 1600-1700 m.

Landforms: The pasture-areas usually follow N-S-ridges and most pastures are in slope-areas.

Slopes on average: Also hilly

5.3 Почвы

Если возможно, приложите полное описание почв или укажите доступную информацию, например тип почв, рH/ кислотность почв, ёмкость катионного обмена, содержание азота, содержание солей и т.д.

Soil texture (topsoil): Loess soils

Soil fertility low: In most places high proportions of non-graminoids and leguminous species.

Topsoil organic matter: High proportion of hot-spots and degrading areas according to Wolfgramm's (2007) hot-brightspot-map.

Soil drainage / infiltration poor: Most soils are crusted and compacted.

5.4 Доступность и качество воды

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по качеству и количеству воды:

Ground water table: Often no groundwater, because too hilly

Availability of surface water: Most areas far from open water bodies

Water quality (untreated): No pesticides, but water is contaminated by animal dung.

5.5 Биоразнообразие

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по биоразнообразию:

In comparison with other areas.

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Many children are working as herders, because of labour shortage (young men in Russia).

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

30% of the land users are rich (People who have a house made of concrete or with a ribbed roof instead of one made of cement asbesto).
70% of the land users are average wealthy (Compared to the rest of society: People have enough food, children go to school, they have a mud-hou).

Off-farm income specification: Nearly all people have family members (mostly sons) in Russia, who send remittances.

Market orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): Animals are mainly used for own consumption (meat and milk).

Market orientation of production system commercial / market: Animals are sold, if the family needs money (for medecine or education).
So, it is still better from their perspective to have animals ("as a bank", according to many villagers), than not having this security. And it is comparatively cheap, even if a land user admits that he has to feed his cow with leaves of his muleberry trees, because pastures are so unproductive, that his cow does not give milk anymore (in August).

5.7 Средний размер земельных участков, арендуемых или находящихся в собственности землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• государственная

Право землепользования:

• неограниченное (неконтролируемое)
• общинное (контролируемое)

Пояснения:

Pasture-use is theoretically regulated as described above, but additionally to the village herd there are other herders with private animals using the same pastures.

5.9 Доступ к базовым услугам и инфраструктуре

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Продуктивность

Доходы и затраты

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Водный цикл/ поверхностный сток

Почвы

Биоразнообразие: растительность, животный мир

6.3 Подверженность и чувствительность Технологии УЗП к постепенным изменениям климата и экстремальным погодным явлениям/ стихийным бедствиям, связанным с изменением климата (в понимании землепользователей)

Экстремальные явления, связанные с изменением климата (стихийные бедствия)

Погодные стихийные бедствия

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
местные ливневые дожди	плохо

Стихийные бедствия климатического характера

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
засухи	плохо

Пояснения:

Pasture areas, that remain the same since the USSR, could be changed every few years to permit their recovery and regrowth of trees, chopped during and after civil war. The very basic rotational schemes existing in all villages are little effective. It is not possible to recognise conservation effects due to the generally very critical state of resources.

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Пояснения:

The land users see the problem of reduced productivity when pastures are overexploited. They complain about having to sell animals, but mainly attribute this to droughts.

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

Если возможно, дайте количественную характеристику (число домохозяйств и/или площадь применения):

NA

Среди применяющих Технологию землепользователей, какова доля лиц, применяющих её по собственной инициативе, т.е. без какого-либо материального стимулирования со стороны?

• 90-100%

Пояснения:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: No subsidies have been paid for buying livestock. But, as people highly depend on remittances, it can be assumed that these have also been invested into livestock.

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Young families who do not yet have livestock are thinking of buying animals in the future. On the other hand herding in the upper areas still has potential and wealthy people might want to send their animals there with professional herders in the future.

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
Animal husbandry is an economic basis which permits development. How can they be sustained / enhanced? People should be allowed to keep as much animals as they want to. And the pasture-area should not become smaller.

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
It is the most cheap form of self-sufficient meat-production. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Pasture-quality needs to be preserved, otherwise the carrying-capacity of pastures will be reduced.
Livestock with its semimonetary value is much more stable in value than money on the bank (increasing livestock prices). How can they be sustained / enhanced? Only if alternatives for animal husbandry emerge will the prices for livestock not fall.

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Animals and pastures are less productive (reduced biomass) and pastures show more signs of erosion than those on forest department. There, pasture-areas are bigger and, by consequence, there is more space for herding.	If there were not always more people affording to rent land for orchards or haymaking the pressure on the remaining pastures would not increase.
The pastures very much depend on enough water: If there is little rain (like in 2008) animals return hungry from the pastures.	There is hope that the planned water pipe from Rogun (planned giant dam) will bring water for irrigation (of cropland, where animals graze in late summer and where forbs are collected as winter fodder).
Rent fees have to be paid, which are percieved as high by some land users. They fear additional per-capita animal taxes.	No more taxes should be introduced and herding should not be stronger regulated, because many people depend on animal husbandry.
This herding system is vulnerable to droughts and temperature increase, which are percieved as main degradation causes. Besides this, excessive livestock numbers are seen as a cause of cover reduction and compaction. Especially where animals graze the soil is naked and dry after 2-3 days.	It might be helpful to let the pastures recover for 3-5 years for trees (which bring moisture) to grow. But this might require administration through external institutions and people fear that they will not get back the pastures.

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Degradation of soils and vegetation on these relatively small areas is high and the pastures cannot recuperate due to constant pressure.	The pastures need to have periods of recovery.
The soils are decreasing in fertility because animal dung is used as energy source.	A not too expensive alternative for hot water might be solar heaters or charcoal. And to counteract general fertility problems interchanging pasture- and haymaking areas would bring dung everywhere. But this would require fencing of the remaining trees in order not to further damage vegetation cover.