1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

GEF/OP12 Gansu Project (GEF/OP12 Gansu Project) - Китай

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.5 Ссылка на Анкету (ы) по Подходам УЗП (документируется с использованием ВОКАТ)

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Belts of trees, planted in a rectangular grid pattern or in strips within, and on the periphery of, farmland to act as windbreaks.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

Shelterbelts to protect cropland are a specific type of agroforestry system comprising certain tall growing tree species. Such shelterbelts around farmland help reduce natural hazards including sandstorms, wind erosion, shifting sand, droughts and frost. They also improve the microclimate (reduced temperature, wind speed, soil water loss and excessive wind-induced transpiration) and create more favourable conditions for crop production. Thus the establishment of shelterbelts plays a crucial role in the sandy drylands that are affected by wind and resultant desertification
especially during winter and spring. Where there is irrigation, the shelterbelts protect the infrastructure from silting-up with wind-borne sediment.
Strips of tall growing species (15-25 m) of poplar (Populus spp.) or willow (Salix spp.) were originally (from 1960s onwards) planted in a 400 by 600 m rectangular grid pattern within extensive areas of cropland, with an extra belt of windbreaks on the windward side (against the prevailing wind). Generally, the distance effectively protected is 15-25 times the tree height. Strips are of variable width, consisting of 2-5 tree lines (1-3 m apart) with trees planted every 1-2 m within the lines. Selective felling is used to maintain adequate growing space and the protective effect of the trees.
The impact of the shelterbelts depends on the planting pattern of the trees (the format of strips and grids), the orientation of the shelterbelts in relation to the wind, the spacing between, and the width of each strip and the type of trees planted. The specific design is primarily based on preventing the negative effects of wind, but depends also on local conditions such as the layout of the land, the location of the roads, farm boundaries and irrigation canals. Ideally the tree strips are perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, and the angle between the strip and the prevailing wind is never less than 45 degrees. The structure of the strips determines the way the wind is controlled, ranging from blocking the wind
to letting it diffuse through semi-permeable shelterbelts. The best effect is achieved if the wind is not blocked entirely, as this can cause turbulence.
The ownership of the land and the shelterbelts still rests with the state, but management has been more and more transferred to individual households. On condition that the impact of the shelterbelt is not affected, the local forestry agencies now allow some felling of mature trees - on a rotational and selective basis, for timber and firewood. Pine trees (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and P. tabulaeformis), which command high value as timber for construction, and fruit (and cash) trees like the apricot tree (Prunus armeniace) are increasingly used.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Если год начала применения Технологии достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

• более 50 лет назад (традиционная)

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• через проекты/ внешнее вмешательство

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

USA and domestic.

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• снижение риска стихийных бедствий
• адаптация к изменению климата / экстремальным погодным явлениям и их последствиям

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Комбинированное землепользование в пределах одной и той же земельной единицы:

Да

Укажите сочетания типов землепользования (посевы / пастбища / деревья):

• Агролесоводство

Пояснения:

Trees/ shrubs species: Poplars (Populus spp.), willows (Salix spp.), increasingly also pine (Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolic

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Strong winds in the winter and spring result in serious natural hazards including sand storms, sand encroachment and wind erosion, while dry and hot winds in the summer increase transpiration leading to plant stress and reduced crop yields.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low yield and intensive wind blow in winter and spring.

3.3 Изменилось ли использование земель в связи с внедрением Технологии?

Изменилось ли использование земель в связи с внедрением Технологии?

• Да (Пожалуйста, заполните нижеприведенные вопросы относительно использования земель до внедрения Технологии)

3.4 Водоснабжение

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• сочетание богарных и орошаемых земель

3.5 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• агролесоводство
• Защитные лесные насаждения

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

Пояснения:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

Пояснения:

Main type of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil, Eo: offsite degradation effects, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), poverty / wealth (Lack of captial)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge), Lack of enforcement of legislat./authority

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• снижение деградации земель

Пояснения:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

4.2 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

Уточните, как рассчитывались затраты и вложения:

• на площадь, где применяется Технология

Укажите денежные единицы, использованные для подсчета затрат:

• Доллары США

4.3 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Время (сессия)
1.	1 Planning / designing of shelterbelt.
2.	2 Selection and collection of trees seedlings.
3.	3 Clearing and preparing land for planting of shelterbelt in	late autumn and spring
4.	3 Clearing and preparing land for planting of shelterbelt in
5.	4 Pits for planting the seedlings are dug	4 Pits for planting the seedlings are dug
6.	5 Tree seedlings are planted	late spring
7.	6 After planting each seedling is watered for up to two years.

4.4 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Mainly collection and planting	ha	79,0	1,2	94,8
Оборудование	tools	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Посадочный материал	tree seedlings	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					124,8
Общие затраты на создание Технологии в долларах США					124,8

Если землепользователем оплачено менее 100% затрат, укажите, кем покрывались остальные затраты:

USA and domestic projects

Пояснения:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.5 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	Watering	after planting /timely
2.	Pruning of trees.
3.	Pest and disease control within shelterbelt.
4.	Intermediate/ selective tree felling.

4.6 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Watering and Pruning	ha	7,0	1,2	8,4	100,0
Посадочный материал	tree seedling	ha	1,0	3,0	3,0	100,0
Общая стоимость поддержания Технологии					11,4
Общие затраты на поддержание Технологии в долларах США					11,4

Пояснения:

The costs are calculated according to current standards/costs. The original planting is paid for by the state: replanting
and maintenance are the responsibility of the land user. If pines are the species of choice for re-planting, the cost
is considerably more than that shown above (which relates to poplar and willow).
Assuming: shelterbelts of 600 m by 400 m; each strip has 5 lines of trees (3 m apart), 2 m between trees within lines: resulting in 104 trees/ha, including the cropland between the strips (density within strips is 1666 trees/ha). Labour for establishment (104 trees): Land preparation, planting 10 days and 15 days for watering, weeding, etc (for first 3 years).

4.7 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

The most important factors to affect the costs are seedlings (No.) and machine.

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Укажите, приурочено ли применение Технологии к специфическим условиям:

• не имеет значения

5.3 Почвы

Если возможно, приложите полное описание почв или укажите доступную информацию, например тип почв, рH/ кислотность почв, ёмкость катионного обмена, содержание азота, содержание солей и т.д.

Soil fertility: low -medium

Soil drainage / infiltration: good

Soil water storage capacity: medium

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

80% of the land users are average wealthy and own 35% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: farmers benefit from the shelterbelts as a source of off-farm income, through fodder, timber and firewood

5.7 Средняя площадь земель, используемых землепользователями с применением Технологии

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

• communal/state

• individual (see Annex T3 for remark)

• individual (see Annex T3 for remark)

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Продуктивность

Доходы и затраты

Другое социально-экономическое воздействие

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Водный цикл/ поверхностный сток

Почвы

Климат и снижение риска стихийных бедствий

Другие экологические последствия

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

• отдельные случаи/ эксперимент

Если возможно, дайте количественную характеристику (число домохозяйств и/или площадь применения):

40 households in an area of 100-1000km^2 (10-50 persons/km^2)

Среди применяющих Технологию землепользователей, какова доля лиц, применяющих её по собственной инициативе, т.е. без какого-либо материального стимулирования со стороны?

• 0-10%

Пояснения:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

40 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The technology has not spontaneously spread beyond the areas developed through government intervention.

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
Reduced wind speed and trapped wind-blown sand particle How can they be sustained / enhanced? Combine deciduous and evergreen trees to maintain shelterbelt’s protective function throughtout the year.
Increased crop yield How can they be sustained / enhanced? Extend shelterbelt technology to unprotected croplands.
Increased cash income How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve rotational felling regimes that maximise quantity and quality of tree products (timber; fruit etc) without reducing the shelterbelt’s protective function. In Inner Mongolia apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) and in Gansu Province the Chinese dates (Ziziphus jujuba) are increasingly used.
Apart from their effect on the wind, the overall benefits of the shelterbelts - for timber, firewood, fruits and fodder for animals - outweigh the loss of cropland occupied by trees How can they be sustained / enhanced? Experience over 40 years has demonstrated that narrower trees strips and smaller grid size (100 by 200 m) would increase ecological efficiency, but due to higher costs and potential competition with crops, the spacing of the shelterbelts has mostly remained as it was originally.
From 1960 onwards, approximately 22 million hectares – of vulnerable cropland have been protected in eastern Inner Mongolia Editors’ comments: In China, a total of 1.84 million km2 suffer from desertification related to sand storms, shifting sands and wind erosion, making up 19% of the total land area. In those dry and desertified zones, farmland is barely productive, even with irrigation. The construction of shelterbelts in this northeastern part of China has had multiple benefits that outweigh the loss of cropland. However, maintenance has become an important issue with the changes in China’s land use laws. This is one of two examples of windbreaks amongst the case studies in this book. Remark: In the 1960s, all land ownership and land use rights in China were communal and cropland was farmed collectively by village communes. After reform and open policy was put into practice in 1978, land use rights were transferred to the villages, to groups and individuals. Land itself and the shelterbelts however still belonged to the state. Nowadays the rights to cultivate specific parcels of land, within protected blocks, are generally granted to individual farm households. In some cases, in recent years, the shelterbelts too have been redistributed to individuals to look after. Inevitably maintenance has become an issue. But most of the shelterbelts are managed well. 3.2.8: If farmer cuts mature timber (for example a 40 year-old poplar), he/she can sell it for US$ 20–25 per tree. With maturity of shelterbelts, the timber production increases, which brings increasing economic benefits; meanwhile, the effect of protection from wind erosion also improves.

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Loss of land due to area used for the shelterbelts	In this wind-prone part of Inner Mongolia, overall gains from the protected zones compensate for the reduced area under crops, especially if economically valuable species are planted in the shelterbelt, such as Caragana korshinskii, which can be used as forage, for 'green fertilizer' through leaf mulch and for firewood.
Competition for sunshine, fertilizer and water	Pruning of branches and digging of ditches to prevent roots penetrating the adjacent cropland
Farmers lost the right to crop the tree-occupied land (since the shelterbelts belonged to the state). Originally, farmers were not allowed to fell trees	Nowadays the local forestry department permits farmers to occasionally cut trees, which is a source of income. If land users were allowed to cut trees on a more systematic basis, it would help them to better appreciate the benefits.
High cost (labour and money) for establishment	Government support required.
Shelterbelts comprised of single tree species are less resistant to pests and diseases Shelterbelts consume more water	Combine trees and shrubs/ different species, which improves both resistance and also the protective effect. But they also help in drainage (where this is a problem) through lowering the ground water table and simultaneously reducing salinity. Appropriate tree species need to be selected and bred.

7.1 Методы сбора/ источники информации

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

China atlas. China atlas publishing house, P 52.. 1999.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Zhao Yu, Jing Zhengping, Shi Peijun, Hao Yunchong et al. Inner Mongolia soil erosion research remote sensing was used in Inner Mongolia soil erosion research, Science publishing house, P25.. 1989.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Inner Mongolia forest department, Forest work manual,12, P33-34, P67.. 1998.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Synthesized investigate team in Inner Mongolia-Ningxia, CAS. West of northeast Forest in Inner Mongolia autonomy region, Science publishing house, P82-101.. 1981.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Sun Jinzhu. Natural condition and reconstruct in Hetao plain, Inner Mongolia people' s publishing house, P188-189.. 1976.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Inner Mongolia forest Department. Inner Mongolia autonomy region forest statistic data,P75.. 1987.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Hu Chun(chief editor). Inner Mongolia autonomy region climate resources about agriculture, forest and animal husbandry, Inner Mongolia people's publishing house, P45-47.. 1984.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Water and soil conservation bureau, Yellow River irrigation works committee of Department of water and electricity. Water and soil conservation economy benefit thesis collecting, P45-47.. 1987.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Zhang Pangchuen, A study on the benefit of shelter belt in the south part of Kerqin sand to agriculture increase in production. Journal of arid land resource and environment. Vol.4, no.1, P11-87.. 1990.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Sun Jinzhu,Chen Shan(chief editor). Inner Mongolia environment alarm beforehand and repair countermeasure. Inner Mongolia people's publishing house, P132.. 1994.

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

library of Department of Resource and Environmental Science, BNU.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Compilation Committee of Inner Mongolia Forest Inner Mongolia Forest, Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1989,299–319. 1989.