1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - Афганистан

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.4 Декларация по устойчивости описываемой Технологии

Вызывает ли описанная здесь Технология проблемы деградации земель настолько, что ее нельзя назвать природосберегающей?

Нет

Пояснения:

The technology is sustainable and easily replicable by local communities.

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Artificial reseeding is a key method for restoring degraded rangelands. It involves reintroducing native, palatable fodder species to improve vegetation cover, soil health, and biodiversity. This process boosts forage for grazing animals, stabilizes soil, and helps combat desertification, enhancing ecosystem health and productivity.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) project of “Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan” aimed to conserve vegetation cover and ecosystems through introducing community-based sustainable land and forest management (SLM/SFM) practices in rangeland and forest areas within five targeted provinces, including Bamyan, that benefited rural communities that rely on these ecosystems for their livelihood. The project introduced an integrated, community-based approach of SLM/SFM in Afghanistan for promoting biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and rangeland productivity.

To enhance rangeland productivity in Bamyan province, artificial reseeding of native, locally adapted, and drought-resistant fodder species plays a vital role in restoring health and productivity of the degraded rangeland ecosystem, improving soil quality, and increasing fodder availability for livestock, which contributed to local livelihoods and environmental resilience.

Communities carefully identify highly vulnerable and degraded rangelands for reseeding initiatives. These include previously rain-fed wheat fields cultivated for human consumption, overgrazed sites, and areas with restricted grazing to support vegetation recovery before reseeding. Attention is also given to areas prone to snow avalanches and flash floods causing landslides and soil erosion, which impact downstream residential areas, irrigation systems, trails, roads, and farmlands. These zones are prioritized and mutually agreed upon for reseeding and restoration efforts.

This reseeding local fodder species technology involves several key activities.

1.Identification of locally adapted drought-resistant and palatable fodder species by livestock owners and land users.
2.Identification of highly producing areas of selected fodder species to collect quality seeds.
3.Defer grazing and delay fodder harvest for the purpose of seed maturity in the targeted area.
4.Awareness raising about the maturity stages of different fodder species seeds: Through project intervention and awareness campaigns, rural residents have gained a better understanding of the seed ripening, collecting, and cultivation stages.
5.Collecting, drying, and storing seed: The fodder species’ seeds are collected manually by hand. These fodder species produce longer main stems with inflorescence and spikelets on the top at an average person's breast height. Collected seed is brought to the storing facility and laid out under sunlight for drying. Once seed reaches a certain moisture content, it's stored in a cool and dry place until the day of reseeding under the direct supervision of the rangeland management association (RMA).
6.Season of reseeding local fodder seed: Reseeding activities typically begin in the autumn season, just before the first snowfall. Seeds remain in the soil throughout the winter, allowing them to overcome dormancy and germinate in the spring of the following year. Local fodder species used for reseeding include various Fennel species and other plants traditionally relied upon for winter fodder. These include: Umbelliferae ferulus (Gheghu), Winklera silaifolia (Pali), Prangos sp. (Kami), Ferula sp. (Badran), Rheum spp. (Chukri), Koeleria cristata (Khola), a shrub locally known as Qarghna.
7.Method of Reseeding: The inter and intra-row space between seeding pits (max. 2-3 seeds in one pit) depends on the slope of the terrain, canopy of the fodder, and extent of vegetation cover. If the % slope of the terrain is increasing and canopy of planted species is small, then the space between two rows and two plants decreases and vice versa. Normally, the space between two rows is 1-1.5 m and two plants are about 40-60 cms apart. On the day of reseeding, some land users dig small pits using a hoe and shovel approximately five centimeters deep, followed by another person who puts seeds in the pit and covers the seed with soil using his own boot. The distance between pits is estimated through a person's step. One person reseeds 3.5 kgs of seed per working day. Roughly, a total of 15 kgs of fodder seed is needed for 1 ha of rangeland. It's worth mentioning that the quantity of seed per ha depends on the space between rows and plants and the size of the fodder seed itself.

The seeds are collected using the cash-for-work model. This served (i) to provide income support to poor, vulnerable men and women through short-term employment and (ii) to rehabilitate public assets (rangelands) that are vital for sustaining the livelihoods of livestock rearing. Both men and women-headed vulnerable households benefited from the cash-for-work program of seed collection. More importantly, these fodder species’ seeds are fresh, locally adapted, nutritious for livestock (help fatten livestock), available locally, and inexpensive compared to other types of fodder seed. The germination percentage of the seed and growth of the fodder is significantly high in the reseeded area.

Traditionally, rural communities knew that fodder crops grew from seeds; however, the main stems with inflorescences and spikelets were harvested before maturity and used as fuelwood for heating and cooking. Through awareness-raising campaigns and training workshops within the project, farmers were encouraged to leave the main stems intact for seed maturation, allowing for natural seed dispersal and seed collection for reseeding. The success of natural reseeding is limited compared to artificial reseeding due to several factors. In natural reseeding, seeds are often exposed and not covered by soil, making them vulnerable to environmental conditions. Moisture availability may also be insufficient for germination, and existing vegetation can compete with new growth. In contrast, artificial reseeding ensures that seeds are properly covered, protected, and placed in areas with optimal moisture, which increases the likelihood of successful germination and establishment. Recently, the demand for the local fodder seed has dramatically increased because many non-profit organizations and private businesses are purchasing these seeds. It created a new source of income for the rural communities.

Finally, the technology combines both traditional knowledge and scientific understanding, contributing to more effective restoration of the degraded rangeland ecosystem, improving soil health, and increasing fodder availability, which contributed to livelihood resilience and improvement.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.4 Видеоматериалы, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Год начала реализации:

2021

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• через проекты/ внешнее вмешательство

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

The Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) project of “Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan” is an environmental project funded by Global Environmental Facility (GEF) which focused on reducing land degradation, enhance biodiversity and climate change mitigation.

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• повышение производства
• снижение или предотвращение деградации земель, восстановление нарушенных земель
• сохранение экосистем
• сохранение/ повышение биоразнообразия
• адаптация к изменению климата / экстремальным погодным явлениям и их последствиям

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Комбинированное землепользование в пределах одной и той же земельной единицы:

Нет

Пояснения:

It has been agreed among community members that, following the reseeding program, the area will be quarantined for at least 4-5 years. During this period, no grazing, shrub collection, or fodder harvesting will be allowed in order to enhance vegetation coverage.
The exact number of livestock in the reseeding area of the rangeland is currently unknown, as no formal count has been conducted. The numbers provided reflect an estimated count of livestock in the target districts of Yakawlang 1 and Punjab. The data was sourced from the Department of Livestock and Animal Health of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation of Bamyan.

3.3 Изменилось ли использование земель в связи с внедрением Технологии?

Изменилось ли использование земель в связи с внедрением Технологии?

• Да (Пожалуйста, заполните нижеприведенные вопросы относительно использования земель до внедрения Технологии)

Комбинированное землепользование в пределах одной и той же земельной единицы:

Да

Укажите сочетания типов землепользования (посевы / пастбища / деревья):

• Агро-пастбищное хозяйство ( включая растениеводство-животноводство)

3.4 Водоснабжение

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• богарные земли

Пояснения:

The rangeland is rainfed and experiences heavy snowfall during the winter season.

3.5 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• прекращение хозяйственного использования (прекращение доступа к территории, поддержка восстановления)
• Кочевое животноводство и пастбищное хозяйство
• Улучшение почвенного/ растительного покрова

• rangeland restoration

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

Пояснения:

The land is closed/rested for both natural and artificial vegetation to recover.

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

Пояснения:

Reseeding of various fodder crops help control soil degradation by restoring plant cover, which stabilizes the soil and reduces erosion. Soil cover reduces loss of fertile soil and can increase soil organic matter that then can lead to improved fertility.

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• предотвращение деградации земель
• восстановление/ реабилитация нарушенных земель

Пояснения:

Reseeding technology helps restore degraded land by introducing vegetation that stabilizes soil, improves water retention, and prevents erosion. Once the land is restored, reseeding continues to prevent further degradation by maintaining protective vegetation that sustains soil health and reduces environmental pressures.

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

4.2 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

Уточните, как рассчитывались затраты и вложения:

• на площадь, где применяется Технология

другая/ национальная валюта (название):

AFN

Если это необходимо, укажите обменный курс от доллара США к местной валюте (например, 1 доллар США = 79,9 бразильского реала): 1 доллар США =:

69,0

4.3 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Время (сессия)
1.	Identification of locally adapted drought-resistant and palatable fodder species by livestock owners and land users.	April and May
2.	Identification of highly producing areas of selected fodder species for seed collection.	June and July
3.	Defer grazing and delay fodder harvest for the purpose of seed maturity in the targeted area.	June, July, August and September
4.	Awareness raising about the maturity stages of different fodder species seeds:	August and September
5.	Collecting, drying, and storing seed	September
6.	Sites identification for reseeding	September
7.	Mobilization of community members for reseeding campaign	September and October
8.	Reseeding: Transporting seed and agricultural tools to the area, preparation of field, digging planting pits, reseeding and covering the seed.	October and November
9.	Control grazing in the next growing season	April, May, June, July (following year)

4.4 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Collecting of local fodder seed (Kami, Ghegho, Chukri, Khola, Badra, Qarghana)	person-days	5,0	350,0	1750,0
Оплата труда	Drying and storing of local fodder seed	person-days	3,0	350,0	1050,0
Оплата труда	Reseeding of local fodder seed in rangeland	person-days	8,0	350,0	2800,0	100,0
Оборудование	Pit digging equipment i.e., shovel, hoe, pick mattock	no.	5,0	250,0	1250,0	100,0
Оборудование	Plastic bags for collecting seed (reusable)	pieces	3,0	20,0	60,0	100,0
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					6910,0
Общие затраты на создание Технологии в долларах США					100,14

Если землепользователем оплачено менее 100% затрат, укажите, кем покрывались остальные затраты:

The cost of collecting the plant material is paid by the project under the cash-for-work intervention (110 AFN/kg))

Пояснения:

In reference to the agreement with the Rangeland Management Association, reseeding is voluntarily carried out by its members. Additionally, the necessary farming equipment for digging pits is provided by the members themselves.

4.5 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	Control grazing and fodder harvesting	12 months/ annually
2.	Restrict cutting perennial shrubs for forage, firewood and their uprooting	12 months/ annually
3.	Reseeding is done in the pits where there was no germination.	Growing season/ once a year
4.	Conduct workshops and awareness raising for herders on SLM.	Growing season/ twice a year

Пояснения:

After reseeding, the area is closed off for 4-5 years to prevent grazing, fodder collection, and shrub harvesting or uprooting as firewood. Once the area has recovered, it will be sustainably used by harvesting one-third as fodder after it matures and the seeds have naturally dispersed.

4.6 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Community members, acting as rangers, patrol the area to control grazing, fodder collection, and shrub harvesting	person-day	240,0	200,0	48000,0	100,0
Оплата труда	Reseeding of pits where there was no germination.	person-day	2,0	350,0	700,0	100,0
Оплата труда	Conduct awareness raising for herders on SLM.	no.	3,0	3000,0	9000,0
Общая стоимость поддержания Технологии					57700,0
Общие затраты на поддержание Технологии в долларах США					836,23

Если землепользователем оплачено менее 100% затрат, укажите, кем покрывались остальные затраты:

Once there is no cash for work from the project, the community still collects seeds, reseed some in reseeding area and the rest is sold in the open market depending on the demand.

Пояснения:

Patrolling reseeded rangeland to prevent grazing, fodder harvesting, and shrub collection is a critical step in sustainable rangeland management, particularly in regions like Bamyan, Afghanistan, where rangelands are vital for pastoralist livelihoods. The community selects one or two herders to monitor and manage land use for eight months each year, until livestock return to indoor barns for the winter season. Rangers are paid annually for patrolling the entire rangeland area, rather than by hectare, which makes it challenging to calculate the cost per hectare. The land is divided into different zones, including grazing areas during specific periods, rotational grazing zones, and restricted grazing areas such as reseeded land. Rangers are trained to enforce the agreed regulations and ensure compliance effectively.

4.7 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

The most important factors affecting the costs are the seed of local fodder types and their availability during the growing season, as well as the cost of rangers patrolling the technology area.

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Укажите, приурочено ли применение Технологии к специфическим условиям:

• не имеет значения

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

Bamyan, located in Afghanistan's central highlands, is characterized by a mix of high mountain ranges, valleys, and plateaus. The Hindu Kush Mountain range 4,000 meters (13,100 feet) contributes to the region's cold climate and water source. The Bamyan Valley, known for its ancient Buddha statues, supports agricultural activities. High-altitude plateaus create grazing lands for pastoralist communities. The Kunduz River and seasonal streams sustain the region's water systems.

5.3 Почвы

Если возможно, приложите полное описание почв или укажите доступную информацию, например тип почв, рH/ кислотность почв, ёмкость катионного обмена, содержание азота, содержание солей и т.д.

The soil characteristics of Bamyan Province, as detailed by FAO's Afghanistan Soil Information System (AfSIS) and the FAO Soil Atlas of Afghanistan, indicate that the soils are predominantly loamy to sandy with varying organic content. They are slightly alkaline, with pH levels ranging from 7 to 8 in many areas. The topsoil is characterized by low organic matter content, typical of arid and semi-arid regions, and moderate cation exchange capacity. Nitrogen levels are low, necessitating careful management to ensure sustainable agricultural productivity. Salinity levels are generally low to moderate across most parts of the region.

5.4 Доступность и качество воды

Является ли солёность воды проблемой?

Нет

Происходят ли периодические затопления территории?

Нет

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по качеству и количеству воды:

Water salinity does not appear to be a major problem in Bamyan Province. Most water sources, including those originating from snow and glacier melt, show good quality for drinking, with low to moderate salinity levels. However, localized issues such as high total dissolved solids (TDS) or electrical conductivity (EC) have been identified in certain areas, indicating potential salinity concerns, particularly for irrigation or drinking in specific contexts.

5.5 Биоразнообразие

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по биоразнообразию:

The state of biodiversity in Bamyan Province varies across its ecosystems and is influenced by factors such as altitude, land use, and conservation measures. In protected areas such as Band-e-Amir National Park and Shah Foladi, which are rich in endemic plant species, wildlife species such as snow leopards, ibex, wolves, and a variety of bird species. Outside protected zones, biodiversity is under pressure due to overgrazing, hunting, unsustainable land use, and land degradation, which reduce the habitat quality for native plants and animals. Medicinal plant species, important for local use, are declining due to unsustainable harvesting practices. Overall, biodiversity in Bamyan's protected areas is better preserved than in unprotected regions.

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

The main characteristics of land users in Bamyan Province are predominantly rural, with around 90% of the population engaged in agriculture, agroforestry, and livestock farming. These communities rely heavily on the rangelands for grazing, fuelwood, and other natural resources. The province is home to agro-pastoralists, where both crop farming and animal husbandry are integral to their livelihoods.

5.7 Средняя площадь земель, используемых землепользователями с применением Технологии

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• общинная/ поселковая

Право землепользования:

• общинное (контролируемое)

Право водопользования:

• общинное (контролируемое)
• индивидуальное

Права на землепользование основаны на традиционной правовой системе?

Да

Поясните:

Customary systems (Jirgas and Shuras)

Пояснения:

Land use rights in Bamyan are governed by traditional legal systems, blending customary laws, Islamic Sharia, and state regulations. Customary practices such as Jirgas and Shuras, often mediated by local elders, dominate in rural areas but frequently conflict with state laws over issues like grazing rights and communal resources. These overlapping systems lead to disputes, particularly between nomadic and settled communities, with ongoing efforts to create a unified legal framework.

5.9 Доступ к базовым услугам и инфраструктуре

Пояснения:

Access to services and infrastructure in Bamyan Province is limited due to its remote location and mountainous terrain. Basic services such as healthcare, education, and clean water are available but often insufficient, particularly in rural areas. Infrastructure like roads and electricity is underdeveloped.

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Продуктивность

Доступность и качество воды

Доходы и затраты

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Почвы

Биоразнообразие: растительность, животный мир

Климат и снижение риска стихийных бедствий

6.2 Влияние Технологии за пределами территории ее применения

Укажите оценку внешних воздействий (измерений) :

The off-site impacts of reseeding local fodder seeds in degraded rangelands are measured through improvements in water infiltration, reduced soil erosion, expanded vegetation cover, enhanced biodiversity, and increased carbon sequestration. Social and economic benefits, such as higher incomes from fodder sales and reduced grazing pressure on communal resources, are assessed through community surveys.

6.3 Подверженность и чувствительность Технологии УЗП к постепенным изменениям климата и экстремальным погодным явлениям/ стихийным бедствиям, связанным с изменением климата (в понимании землепользователей)

Постепенное изменение климата

Постепенное изменение климата

	Сезон	увеличение или уменьшение	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
среднегодовые температуры		снизилось	хорошо
среднегодовое количество осадков		увеличилось	хорошо

Экстремальные явления, связанные с изменением климата (стихийные бедствия)

Стихийные бедствия климатического характера

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
засухи	умеренно

Гидрологические стихийные бедствия

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
паводки	очень хорошо
оползни	очень хорошо
снежные лавины	очень хорошо

Пояснения:

Reseeding mitigates gradual climate change by sequestering CO₂, stabilizing soil, and improving water retention, while reducing the impacts of climate-related extremes like floods, droughts, and erosion by restoring ecosystems and enhancing local climate resilience.

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Пояснения:

Reseeding Bamyan rangelands requires investment in seeds, labor, and maintenance, but provides long-term benefits like better vegetation, soil stability, and carbon sequestration. It improves grazing, reduces flood and erosion risks, and helps mitigate climate impacts. The ecological and economic gains outweigh the initial costs.

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

• 11-50%

Среди применяющих Технологию землепользователей, какова доля лиц, применяющих её по собственной инициативе, т.е. без какого-либо материального стимулирования со стороны?

• 0-10%

6.6 Адаптация

Была ли Технология УЗП изменена в недавнее время с целью адаптации к меняющимся условиям среды?

Нет

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
Enhances the availability of high-quality forage, leading to better livestock health and productivity.
Restores degraded land which increasing grazing rangeland area.
Alternative source of income through temporary employment.
It's easy to adopt and many pastoral communities have already replicated.
It requires locally available seeds, labor, and traditional knowledge, making it cost-effective and practical for communities to implement.
Community members choose palatable, nutritious and drought resistant fodder species which enhance their livestock production.

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
Reseeded areas help control soil erosion and improve soil fertility through vegetation cover.
Improved biodiversity through the reintroduction of native species.
Reseeding supports carbon sequestration and contributes to climate resilience and adaptation.
The technology involved local communities which ensures better understanding, ownership, replication and sustainability of the process.
Local or indigenous species used in reseeding are well-adapted to local conditions, increasing the likelihood of successful germination and growth.
Through training and awareness raising, now community members are allowing fodder to grow until seeds are fully mature ensures effective seed production (collection) and natural dispersal, aiding in rangeland regeneration and biodiversity improvement.
Alternative income through employment in local fodder seed collection and sales.

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Reseeding requires an initial investment in establishing a rangeland management association, seeds and labor.	By establishing RMA and mobilizing community members to contribute and seek funding from governments, NGOs, or international organizations.
Control grazing: Livestock grazing in reseeded areas can damage young plants, reducing effectiveness.	Require an agreement with community to control grazing in the area. Also, implement rotational grazing systems and fencing to protect reseeded areas until vegetation is established.
Benefits from reseeding take time to return, potentially discouraging land users seeking quick results.	Identify alternative grazing area. Provide short-term solution of supplemental feed to address immediate needs.

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Implementing reseeding may limit access to grazing lands temporarily, potentially causing disputes among land users, especially in areas with shared resources.	Agreement of all land users is required.
Reseeding success is highly dependent on favorable weather conditions. Drought or erratic rainfall can lead to poor germination and growth.	Explore the potential to integrate rainwater harvesting structures in future reseeding activities

7.1 Методы сбора/ источники информации

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

The Status of Forage Production in Afghanistan: Forage Options for Smallholder Livestock in Water-Scarce Environments of Afghanistan. Ates, S., Hassan, S., Soofizada, Q., Biradar, C., Esmati, H., & Louhaichi, M. (2018).

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

https://research.aciar.gov.au/aik-saath/sites/_co-lab.aciar.gov.au.aik-saath/files/2020-08/ICARDA%20forage%20Afghanistan_0.pdf

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

FAO brings life to degraded rangeland thanks to GEF funding. FAO, 2022

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

https://www.fao.org/afghanistan/news/detail-events/en/c/1505486/

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Community-based Sustainable Land and Forest Management in Afghanistan,

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

https://www.thegef.org/projects-operations/projects/9285

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

An introductory guide to sources of traditional fodder and forage and usage, Anthony Fitzherbert, 2014

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

https://www.acbar.org/upload/1493193872857.pdf

7.3 Ссылки на соответствующую онлайн-информацию

Название/ описание:

Rangeland rehabilitation measures reduces pressure on land, boosts household income and induces peace of mind

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://www.fao.org/afghanistan/news/detail-events/fr/c/1606232/

Название/ описание:

Managing rangelands: promoting sustainable practices: Reseeding: a practical and costeffective technique that enhances ecological sustainability while strengthening system resilience

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://dspacetest.mel.cgiar.org/items/a8eee495-817c-4dfb-a737-90db7eb19378

Название/ описание:

Reseeding improved soil and plant characteristics of degraded alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grassland in loess hilly plateau region, China

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271742/1-s2.0-S0925857423X00032/1-s2.0-S0925857423000423/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEH4aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQD3T2VNZYEr3aSuPiqIB%2BrFarS8RQXlWNUJd9eV1MHa2wIhAOTmszFUNpOgWgs2rvkxfFWu%2FtyDr0deq4kp4Ytkz%2F%2BCKrMFCCYQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgwoXO8sdzB5A1xzYE0qkAW%2FZw%2F9bgO%2BKFg9iCfslLE01ANYhMnSDoaX8g7Pvy7dpTxLjw4rBvTCJsIOus%2FHHzuUWQb%2ByL4ne4mRVs4OHcZkmbbo7FxbyIzVnmCvn2QEFcneRX2VjxKsgmVjYC6QjVbAVR6EUAa0JHv6NB5n8LgI9kQCNti1OHeAjuH9hTcUnus2QMLZhDFEWxkuUmhaZE7p81ZypqZuENHYywVw5LXF1ctJOV8vKDtuxdq7zCG4OkusqlAWVW0dN%2F49OxCc4mT1ihIlFIiFZOemqYH2X2K7%2BVgPsCDQq9Ru7pXlQrG%2FrvnU71QY6vZF%2F0ZsT6jImwz36Vjy8Q%2B%2Fgba3kVcua5e8W%2FxQ5GZ0wYu3f2NT2gZf%2BEe1hUbHtDLUz6GkSVbjqmKEcqb7t3x8oC0ugPE%2BhBCwLtUHUOVohxDTiqLC%2BSvNCtB7PcYTbJ2gqAIG7J%2BnRklhh8WfQ%2Fj68Hem6lzXOhkmrvs78tQ2hpbbvkdalAaGUvmw4Y9wJgvNZZQrzchIKTXBTM2zAbbMF%2FQOWgagPhYAO7P7HMccBJ5syuYXL9HhDYhDeOuK2MwduI7IKFhDA%2BXA7NyLcu4YSiBExUVxSaCDWaSNg5FiCE3Xi7l80Y8iUuCij8sc%2Fi2Fc6OV36ZmIhkSF%2B5AtR5kHP0PMJ2NCTvI%2FNj16hGvUhtclYx3KaqmtU7yNLiSFEba7CncTs38LydQYg4ToBUxyeHFZzdvkq3RXG7BJgv4%2FkkPEpVKs2dsQ%2FJEwdDW%2F3JFxxJkDfwIPEGmdD607FBpDyw9C%2BvfMF4T6r1uVyxqjHwkeMxrH%2BDh0QMt2q2gIwbfYWeKDtA571zpg752C8851tpCCMPSeL%2BW3JdgsdjL4ng0VWLdUXd3zjC1tJW6BjqwARofYsHni1Xzn9OgNnont1g19Z0VSFHYkyaTzXs2nKfM%2FdNVkoXtu%2BX6u0gNmy0a7ed%2FqrC7p8fKqYxAT3FwOjrQBWDK%2Bm8xHfvyk%2B%2BESKBVsXMmC8KhodGoX318C7esUlWpsv953SgG%2FxWob5bsnNe0t470flsh%2F5MhbT%2BCpLRFnBtjwq5JcmDT9QqWAc%2FdxQNd8zPWUPIFh2n3Wtuhg8x9Pmuw5MXc8hiTAmjjlsV4&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20241126T060240Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYRWMK75KH%2F20241126%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=7a5092467ceabe0252cbb05beaac0328e6ecfabcc339848f188b3a2bec804b5e&hash=7568b619a05163bde587f16f742fee7be12c85d1b227b62b701e53c7e9720c71&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0925857423000423&tid=spdf-fb3cf116-0053-4002-ac10-7417b6a882b9&sid=93e7b4418d

Название/ описание:

Highland Rangelands of Afghanistan

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwis2PTzqfmJAxXMlP0HHeLQKG8QFnoECBsQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Flib.icimod.org%2Fapi%2Ffiles%2Fb329e25d-b7b2-439c-b29f-471fde5d2ead%2F2.HAR.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1PptmgEEuGRY1LyVLMO4ZR&opi=89978449

Название/ описание:

Dryland agriculture and rangeland restoration priorities in Afghanistan

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272524566_Dryland_agriculture_and_rangeland_restoration_priorities_in_Afghanistan

Название/ описание:

Combating land degradation and biodiversity loss by promoting sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation in Afghanistan

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/web-documents/10169_MFA_Afghanistan_PIF.pdf

Название/ описание:

Community-Based Ecosystem Restoration and Climate Change Adaptation in Afghanistan

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://kosmospublishers.com/community-based-ecosystem-restoration-and-climate-change-adaptation-in-afghanistan-2/

Название/ описание:

Flora and Vegetation of Afghanistan

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture/Fertilisation-des-Terres-et-des-Sols/cultureIntercalaire/Flora&VegetationOfAfghanistan_Siegmar&Breckle.pdf

Название/ описание:

Constraints to Forage Production and Rangeland Management in Afghanistan

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306344635_Constraints_to_Forage_Production_and_Rangeland_Management_in_Afghanistan

Название/ описание:

Effect of Planting Atriplex seedlings in micro-catchments on attributes of natural vegetation in arid rangelands

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140196320301038

7.4 Общие комментарии

WOCAT is a highly regarded platform for sharing and documenting knowledge on sustainable land management (SLM). Its extensive database of practices and technologies serves as a valuable resource for practitioners worldwide. Users appreciate the detailed and well-organized questionnaires, which make it easier to document and analyze SLM practices comprehensively. However, some feedback suggests that simplifying the questionnaires could improve accessibility and save time during data entry. Additionally, enhancing the platform's search functionality and incorporating more visual tools, such as maps and graphs, could further improve the user experience and accessibility of the database. Thank you