Approaches

Top down approach [Rwanda]

Amabwiriza aturutse ibukuru

approaches_2465 - Rwanda

Completeness: 89%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Approach

Key resource person(s)

land user:
SLM specialist:
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)
The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)
Rwanda Agriculture Board (Rwanda Agriculture Board) - Rwanda
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - Italy

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

01/01/2011

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Reference(s) to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Technologies

Radical Terraces
technologies

Radical Terraces [Rwanda]

Locally referred to as ‘radical terracing’, the method involves earth moving operations that create reverse-slope bench terraces which have properly shaped risers stabilized with grass or trees on embankment to avoid collapse.

  • Compiler: Desire Kagabo

2. Description of the SLM Approach

2.1 Short description of the Approach

This is a top down approach to technology development and dissemination with limited involvement of intended beneficiaries.

2.2 Detailed description of the Approach

Detailed description of the Approach:

Aims / objectives: The objective of the top down approach is to assign the state a crucial role to drive a designed rural development and land management master plan that needs people to implement it.

To bring farmers together to address an identified problem such as to improve the socio economic situation of rural areas, to prevent , to conserve and to rehabilitate on-site damages caused by land degradation and erosion.

Methods: The top down approach here refers to the level of farmer participation in relation to shared decision making when establishing bench terraces/soil conservation practices in Rwanda. The focus being particularly on the role of farmers in the decision making process during two major phases of the process of terrace construction including: (1) when and where to construct bench terraces in communities and the criteria for site and beneficiary selection. The level of farmer participation and decision sharing have the potential of in increasing the ownership of the of the existing or future bench terraces, hence to ensure its sustainability. Recent studies assert that most of the terraces that are constructed are supply driven and that farmers do not participate in the decisions regarding where and when to construct them. When farmers do participate, it is mostly only through some consultation and their own efforts to mobilize collective labor for the construction of the terraces.

Stages of implementation: Stage one comprises the analysis of current or initial adoption decisions of soil conservation practices, while stage two assesses farmers’ ability to continue the use of these practices. Stage three analyses future adoption proxied by farmers’ willingness to uptake more soil conservation practices.

Role of stakeholders: The state plays a prime role in bench terraces development and the role of other stakeholders (e.g. extension agents, farmer associations) is marginal. Farmer associations involvement is is limited to mobilizing labor and, sometimes, to identifying land for terracing. Extension agencies/services are involved in providing advice to individual farmers or farmers grouped in cooperatives. Community representatives, whom are members of the farmers’ cooperatives themselves, are trained to provide additional support and advice to farmers.

Other important information: This SLM approach argues for a role of the state with top-down and coercive measures in the development of soil conservation practices, particularly bench terraces. Currently there is a two pronged approach based on the realization that bench terraces are ready made constructions which require substantial financial and institutional investments. Mustering labor and resources for the construction and maintenance of bench terraces remains a key aspect of the state’s conservation drive. State-farmer relationships, therefore, continue to be essential to soil conservation efforts in Rwanda and to bench terrace construction in particular.

2.3 Photos of the Approach

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Approach has been applied

Country:

Rwanda

Region/ State/ Province:

East

Further specification of location:

Kayonza

Comments:

The area is not well known, it is approximately estimated

2.6 Dates of initiation and termination of the Approach

Indicate year of initiation:

1950

2.7 Type of Approach

  • government based

2.8 Main aims/ objectives of the Approach

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Increase soil fertility, good practices of land management in general)

To raise awareness to land users for a particular problem and involve them to get to the right solution

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: low agricultural production due to a poor agriculture practice and lack of technical knowledge by farmers

2.9 Conditions enabling or hindering implementation of the Technology/ Technologies applied under the Approach

availability/ access to financial resources and services
  • hindering

terraces and trenches require high investment for establishment and maintenance.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: the government support and other local and Internationale NGOs is highly required

legal framework (land tenure, land and water use rights)
  • enabling
  • hindering
knowledge about SLM, access to technical support
  • hindering

lack of technical knowledge and cohesion between farmers to address the main problem regarding agriculture in their location.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: implementation of agricultural cooperative

3. Participation and roles of stakeholders involved

3.1 Stakeholders involved in the Approach and their roles

  • local land users/ local communities

Farmers

There were no limitation all farmers were involved

  • SLM specialists/ agricultural advisers
  • researchers
  • local government

Local leaders

  • national government (planners, decision-makers)

Parliament

3.2 Involvement of local land users/ local communities in the different phases of the Approach
Involvement of local land users/ local communities Specify who was involved and describe activities
initiation/ motivation none
planning none
implementation interactive Land users and local authorities work together to get to greater result.
monitoring/ evaluation interactive Land users are in daily interaction with Sector Agronomist who is in charge of all agricultural activities in the sector.
Research none

3.3 Flow chart (if available)

Description:

chart showing stages of top down approach.

Author:

Kagabo Desire and Ngenzi Guy (RAB)

3.4 Decision-making on the selection of SLM Technology/ Technologies

Specify who decided on the selection of the Technology/ Technologies to be implemented:
  • SLM specialists alone
Explain:

Decisions were made in the ministry of agriculture after consultation of researchers.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by by politicians / leaders. Politicians have decided the way of implementation through community work known as UMUGANDA

4. Technical support, capacity building, and knowledge management

4.1 Capacity building/ training

Was training provided to land users/ other stakeholders?

No

4.2 Advisory service

Do land users have access to an advisory service?

Yes

Describe/ comments:

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities

4.3 Institution strengthening (organizational development)

Have institutions been established or strengthened through the Approach?
  • yes, moderately
Specify the level(s) at which institutions have been strengthened or established:
  • local
Specify type of support:
  • financial
  • capacity building/ training

4.4 Monitoring and evaluation

Is monitoring and evaluation part of the Approach?

Yes

Comments:

bio-physical aspects were ad hoc monitored by government through observations; indicators: local leadres

bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government through measurements; indicators: local agronomist

technical aspects were regular monitored by government through observations; indicators: local agronomist

technical aspects were regular monitored by government through measurements; indicators: local agronomist

socio-cultural aspects were None monitored by government through observations; indicators: local leaders

area treated aspects were None monitored by government through observations; indicators: local agronomist

area treated aspects were None monitored by government through measurements; indicators: all person of 18 years and above are involved

no. of land users involved aspects were None monitored by government through observations; indicators: None

no. of land users involved aspects were None monitored by government through measurements; indicators: None

management of Approach aspects were None monitored by government through observations; indicators: None

There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: None

There were no changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: None

4.5 Research

Was research part of the Approach?

No

5. Financing and external material support

5.1 Annual budget for the SLM component of the Approach

If precise annual budget is not known, indicate range:
  • 100,000-1,000,000
Comments (e.g. main sources of funding/ major donors):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (planing): 20.0%; local government (district, county, municipality, village etc) (sensitization and follow up): 25.0%; local community / land user(s) (implimentation): 55.0%

5.2 Financial/ material support provided to land users

Did land users receive financial/ material support for implementing the Technology/ Technologies?

Yes

If yes, specify type(s) of support, conditions, and provider(s):

inputs (seeds, fertilizers, etc..) provided by the Government

5.3 Subsidies for specific inputs (including labour)

  • agricultural
Specify which inputs were subsidised To which extent Specify subsidies
seeds fully financed
  • construction
Specify which inputs were subsidised To which extent Specify subsidies
material partly financed
If labour by land users was a substantial input, was it:
  • voluntary
Comments:

After the sensitization by local leaders, activities are done voluntarily or with food-for-work by farmers.

5.4 Credit

Was credit provided under the Approach for SLM activities?

No

6. Impact analysis and concluding statements

6.1 Impacts of the Approach

Did the Approach help land users to implement and maintain SLM Technologies?
  • No
  • Yes, little
  • Yes, moderately
  • Yes, greatly

the approach helped in the implementation of technologies which improved crop production and soil conservation.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
  • No
  • Yes, little
  • Yes, moderately
  • Yes, greatly

some project introduced new technology (e.g. one cow per family) with the help of local leaders

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?
  • No
  • Yes, little
  • Yes, moderately
  • Yes, greatly

as the production increase, it increases as well the well being of farmers

6.2 Main motivation of land users to implement SLM

  • increased production

improve soil quality and crop production

  • increased profit(ability), improved cost-benefit-ratio

as production increases this allows farmers to take a part of the production on market

  • payments/ subsidies

low cost of inputs as they are provided by the government

  • well-being and livelihoods improvement

as production and income increases, its facilitates farmers to access to all sanitary services, etc.

6.3 Sustainability of Approach activities

Can the land users sustain what has been implemented through the Approach (without external support)?
  • uncertain
If no or uncertain, specify and comment:

It require a strong follow up

6.4 Strengths/ advantages of the Approach

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
It help farmers to work together for a common issue. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: continuous sensitization )
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Improvement of livelihoods (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: continuous sensitization)
farmers are getting benefits, as it has a direct impact in increasing the soil productivity and improve workability of the land (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: continuous sensitization )
the approach helped to establish SLM measures which reduced soil erosion and improve soil quality (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: continuous sensitization)

6.5 Weaknesses/ disadvantages of the Approach and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
lack of strong link in the farmers association and cooperatives continuous sensitization
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
High costs: farmers depend on external support from the government, they are not willing to invest their labour without payments. To make the working time as short as possible for the community work so that farmer can plan other income activities after this.
lack of land users participation in the design and planing involve all stakeholders

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys
  • interviews with land users

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