Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, specify area covered (in km2):

55.0

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

• 10-100 km2

{'is_geometry': True, 'configuration': 'technologies', 'additional_translations': {}, 'key': 'Map', 'value': '{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","id":1488552014791,"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[117.264,24.86400000000002]},"properties":null}]}', 'questionnaire_object': <Questionnaire: {"qg_name": [{"name": {"en": "Orchard terraces with bahia grass cover"}, "name_local": {"en": "Bahia grass interplanted in orchard"}}], "qg_photos": [{"image": "f78523b2-7f11-4a1b-bb3a-3f992f2fae9c", "image_date": "01/06/2001", "image_caption": {"en": "Longan plantation on degraded hillsides. Bahia grass covers the terrace risers, the slopes between and partly the terrace beds to protect the soil from erosion."}, "image_location": {"en": "Gu Shan Small Watershed, Yongchun County, Fujian"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Huang Xinquan, Fuzhou, China"}}, {"image": "ff0bac9c-d598-474d-83a4-1902423d85ff", "image_caption": {"en": "The slope-separated orchard terraces are built along the contour. They help retain water and reduce soil erosion."}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Hanspeter Liniger"}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "Rehabilitation of degraded hillsides through the establishment of fruit trees on slope-separated orchard terraces, with bahia grass planted as protective groundcover."}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "In this case study orchards were established between 1991 and 1992 on degraded and unproductive hillsides (wasteland), with slopes of 12-45%. This was achieved by constructing level beds on the contour, mainly as continuous slope-separated orchard terraces, but in some cases as individual planting platforms. Terrace construction was generally undertaken by hand using hoes and shovels.\r\n\r\nPurpose of the Technology: A typical terrace has a 4-5 m wide bed and a 1.0-1.5 m high riser. Commonly, a raised earth lip (0.3 m high) is constructed on the terrace edge to retain rainwater. The terrace riser walls are not protected. Even before terrace construction there was little topsoil and in some places the upper subsoil had been lost to erosion. The establishment of fruit trees (lychee, Litchi chinensis and longan, Dimocarpus longan) therefore required deep planting holes (1 m3), filled with organic matter/manure, into which seedlings were planted. In subsequent years additional large quantities of organic matter/manure were applied in circular trenches to the side of the trees, succeeding trenches being gradually further away as the trees grew. Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) was planted for SWC purposes as a cover crop, to stabilise terrace risers and to improve soil fertility. It has not been used for fodder in this case. The germination rate of bahia grass seeds is comparatively low; therefore instead of direct seeding, nurseries were established to produce seedlings. The bahia grass seedlings were transplanted onto the terrace risers and beds (leaving a space around each fruit tree) and on the hillside slopes between the terraces. The grass grew and spread quickly, restoring a protective vegetative cover following terrace construction.\r\n\r\nNatural / human environment: The primary overall purpose of the technology was to rehabilitate degraded hillsides through the planting of economically valuable fruit trees. Terracing reduces soil erosion while retaining most of the rainwater. The application of organic matter creates improved rooting conditions, while restoring and maintaining soil fertility. The bahia grass further provides protective groundcover preventing splash erosion, increasing surface roughness, and thereby slowing down runoff velocity, while contributing to the restoration of the soil\u2019s biological, chemical and physical properties. Irrigation ditches dug along the terraces help to reduce erosion further. This project was planned by SWC specialists: around 6,000 families were allocated orchard plots and provided with seedlings at a subsidised price."}}], "tech_qg_4": [{"tech_spread_area": "tech_spread_10_100", "tech_spread_tech": "tech_spread_evenly", "tech_spread_area_precise": 55.0}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_externally"], "tech_who_implemented_comments": {"en": "The technology comes from the soil conservation theory books and accumulated experiences over years."}}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_degradation"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Crop: bahia grass\r\nTree and shrub cropping: lychee, Litchi chinensis and longan, Dimocarpus longan\r\n\r\nMajor land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): Degraded and unproductive hillside slopes (wasteland), with low and declining soil fertility, subject to severe soil erosion\r\n(sheet, rill, gully and mass movement) during periods of heavy and prolonged rainfall.\r\n\r\nMajor land use problems (land users\u2019 perception): Low fruit yield and little income after consideration of input.\r\n\r\nProblems / comments regarding forest use: The farmers\\' consciousness of soil conservation are gradually improved and their ability of forest protection are also increased.\r\n\r\nForest products and services: timber, fruits and nuts, nature conservation / protection\r\n\r\nConstraints of wasteland (before SWC)\r\n\r\nForest/ woodlands: Also nature conservation / protection"}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_agronomic", "tech_measures_vegetative", "tech_measures_structural"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland", "tech_lu_forest"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca", "lu_cropland_ct"], "tech_growing_seasons_specify": {"en": "Longest growing period in days: 365Longest growing period from month to month: May - Sep"}, "tech_lu_cropland_annual_cropping_crops": ["annual_crops_455"], "tech_lu_cropland_tree_shrub_cropping_crops": ["tree_shrub_514"]}], "tech_qg_12": [{"tech_lu_forest_products": ["tech_lu_forestproducts_timber", "tech_lu_forestproducts_fruitsnuts", "tech_lu_forestproducts_conservation"]}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_mixed"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_groundcover"], "tech_slm_group_other": {"en": "hillside stabilizing and restoration"}}], "tech_qg_21": [{"tech_measures_agronomic_sub": ["measures_agronomic_a6"]}], "tech_qg_22": [{"tech_measures_vegetative_sub": ["measures_vegetative_v5"]}], "tech_qg_23": [{"tech_measures_structural_sub": ["measures_structural_s1"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures\r\n\r\nSecondary measures: management measures"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_water", "degradation_chemical"]}], "tech_qg_28": [{"degradation_erosion_water_sub": ["degradation_wt", "degradation_wg", "degradation_wm"]}], "tech_qg_30": [{"degradation_chemical_sub": ["degradation_cn"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content\r\n\r\nMain causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), land tenure (land subdivision)\r\n\r\nSecondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes), poverty / wealth (lack of captial), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_reduce_ld"], "tech_prevention_comments": {"en": "Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation"}}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 840.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Voluntary and paid"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 840.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_38": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 435.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Bahia transplants"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 435.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 350.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Fruit tree seedlings"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 350.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 60.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "2.Digging trenches by the side of the fruit trees and filling with organic"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring, autumn and winter /3 times/year"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "prune, fertilize, pest control for the fruit trees of Longan and Litchi"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring and summer /3 times/year"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "grass plantation, fertilizaion"}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Filling any gaps in the bahia grass."}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "In the first 1\u20132 years maintenance also involves replacing any fruit tree"}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Weeding around the trees."}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "after raining season/4 times/year"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Repairing terraces damaged by storms."}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "Jan. 1991 / 6 times/year"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "regular inspection and management"}}], "tech_qg_45": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 144.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Voluntary and paid"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 144.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_47": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 58.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Bahia transplants"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 58.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 36.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Fruit tree seedlings"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 36.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_52": [{"tech_input_maint_comments": {"en": "Machinery/ tools: hoe, shovel\r\n\r\nFor establishment: 200 person days for terrace construction, 100 for digging pits and planting trees, 50 for transplanting\r\nbahia grass. For maintenance: 15 person days for terrace maintenance, 40 for digging organic matter trenches, 5 for\r\nbahia grass gap filling. The SWC department produces bahia transplants in nurseries; these are then distributed to the\r\nfarmers."}, "tech_input_maint_remaining_costs": {"en": "NA"}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_1501_2000"]}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_humid"]}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_hilly"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_hillslopes"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_100_500", "tech_altitudinalzone_500_1000"]}], "tech_qg_57": [{"tech_convex_concave": "topography_not_relevant"}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_shallow"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_medium", "tech_topsoil_organic_low"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_coarse"]}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_average", "tech_wealth_rich"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_manual", "mechanisation_animal"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_10_50"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_commercial"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_05_1"]}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_state"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_leased"]}], "tech_qg_76": [{"tech_impacts_cropproduction": 6}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Population density: 200-500 persons/km2\r\n\r\nAnnual population growth: < 0.5%\r\n\r\n5% of the land users are very rich and own 10% of the land.\r\n40% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.\r\n50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 45% of the land.\r\n5% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.\r\n\r\nOff-farm income specification: off-farm income is mainly from factory labour"}}], "tech_qg_93": [{"tech_input_est_comments": {"en": "Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)"}, "tech_input_est_remaining_costs": {"en": "NA"}}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "steep slope and lots of civil work."}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_CHN", "state_province": {"en": "Fujian Province"}, "further_location": {"en": "Yongchun County"}}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_farmincome": 7}], "tech_qg_107": [{"tech_impacts_workload": 2}], "tech_qg_113": [{"tech_impacts_community": 6}], "tech_qg_114": [{"tech_impacts_national": 6}], "tech_qg_116": [{"tech_impacts_conflictmitigation": 7}], "tech_qg_120": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "rainwater retention"}, "tech_impacts_harvestingwater": 7}], "tech_qg_121": [{"tech_impacts_quant_after": {"en": "35"}, "tech_impacts_quant_before": {"en": "70"}}], "tech_qg_125": [{"tech_impacts_soilmoisture": 6}], "tech_qg_126": [{"tech_impacts_soilcover": 7}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_soilloss": 7, "tech_impacts_quant_after": {"en": "3"}, "tech_impacts_quant_before": {"en": "24.3"}}], "tech_qg_133": [{"tech_impacts_soilorganicmatter": 6}], "tech_qg_147": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamflooding": 5}], "tech_qg_148": [{"tech_impacts_reliableflows": 5}], "tech_qg_149": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamsiltation": 6}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_less_10"}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_dollar": "tech_input_dollars", "tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "3.00"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_timing": {"en": "winter of 1991"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "2.On each terrace one line of fruit trees was established. Deep planting"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "spring of 1992"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "2.Fruit tree seedlings were planted. Spacing between trees was"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "spring of 1992"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "3.Bahia grass was transplanted onto the terraced hillside"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "winter of 1991"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "Terraces were constructed by hand.Soil was excavated from the upper portion of the terrace and used to build up the lower portion behind the terrace riser wall to create a level platform (bed). Part of the excavated soil was used to build a terrace lip."}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "winter of 1991"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "land preparation for the grass planting"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "Nov. 1999"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "hill closure"}}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_slightlypositive"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_slightlypositive"}], "tech_qg_184": [{"country": "country_CHN", "person_gender": "gender_male", "person_lastname": {"en": "Liu"}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Zhengming"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "Soil Conservation Office of Yongchun County"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"country": "country_CHN", "person_gender": "gender_male", "person_lastname": {"en": "Nie"}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Bijuan"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "Fujian Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"country": "country_CHN", "person_gender": "gender_female", "person_lastname": {"en": "Yang"}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Xuezhen"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "Fujian Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"user_id": "913", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "51cf5645-4561-4576-b536-bb7b01d85e6f", "tech_drawing_author": {"en": "Mats Gurtner"}, "tech_specifications": {"en": "Fruit trees on slope-separated terraces with a spacing of 5-8 metres between (dependent on slope). Terrace risers and beds are protected by the fast spreading bahia grass (right): note a grass-free space is maintained around each tree.\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: moderate\r\n\r\nMain technical functions: control of raindrop splash, reduction of slope angle, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, control of dispersed runoff\r\n\r\nSecondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, increase / maintain water stored in soil, improvement of soil structure\r\n\r\nAgronomic measure: organic matter application\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: aligned trees\r\nVegetative material: T : trees / shrubs\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: dispersed grass\r\nVegetative material: T : trees / shrubs\r\nWidth within rows / strips / blocks (m): 6\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs\r\n\r\nFruit trees / shrubs species: longan, lychee\r\n\r\nGrass species: bahia\r\n\r\nSlope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 16.00%\r\n\r\nIf the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 12.00%\r\n\r\nGradient along the rows / strips: 9.00%\r\n\r\nTerrace: forward sloping\r\nHeight of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-1.5\r\nWidth of bunds/banks/others (m): 4-5\r\n\r\nConstruction material (earth): Using earth for the construction can reduce investment.\r\n\r\nSlope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 25%\r\n\r\nIf the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 20%\r\n\r\nLateral gradient along the structure: 6%\r\n\r\nFor water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:20\r\n\r\nVegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.\r\n\r\nOther type of management: Changing land use patterns - Mountain and hilly areas closure for recover of the forest and grass."}}], "tech_qg_186": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "organic matter/manure"}, "tech_impacts_other_measure": 1, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "input constraints"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "increased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "decreased"}}], "tech_qg_189": [{"tech_impacts_other_measure": 7, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "erosion due to raindrop splash"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "increased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "decreased"}}, {"tech_impacts_other_measure": 2, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "competition between fruit trees and bahia grass"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "increased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "decreased"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "88% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\n\r\n5755 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\n\r\nComments on acceptance with external material support: estimates\r\n\r\n12% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support\r\n\r\n784 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support\r\n\r\nComments on spontaneous adoption: estimates\r\n\r\nThere is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology\r\n\r\nComments on adoption trend: There is a slow spontaneous adoption of the technology, based on the fact that bahia grass is remarkably helpful in controlling soil erosion."}, "tech_adoption_quantify": {"en": "6593 Households (56 percent of the area)"}, "tech_adoption_percentage": "adoption_percentage_more_50", "tech_adoption_spontaneously": "tech_adoption_spont_10_50"}], "tech_qg_218": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 145.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "fertilizer"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 145.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 70.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "compost/manure"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 70.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_219": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 84.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "fertilizer"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 84.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 10.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "biocides"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 10.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 44.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "compost/manure"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 44.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 1840.0}], "tech_qg_223": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs": 376.0}], "tech_qg_225": [{"location_comments": {"en": "Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 55 km2.\r\n\r\nThis is a part of the comprehensive development of Shan Huxi small watershed."}}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 1840.0}], "tech_qg_233": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs_usd": 376.0}], "tech_qg_235": [{"tech_lu_mixed": 1, "tech_lu_mixed_select": "lu_mixed_mf"}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "16/06/2001"}], "qg_references": [{"references_title": {"en": "Acceptance Materials of Shan Huxi Small Watershed.. 2001."}, "references_source": {"en": "Soil Conservation Office of Yongchun County"}}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1488552014791,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[117.264,24.86400000000002]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 17}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "An increase in vegetative cover reduces erosion, improves the ecological environment, increases soil fertility and organic matter content, improves\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Control weeds and fertilize well."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "The combination of structural and vegetative measures has a quick impact on reducing soil erosion and preventing mass movement on hillside slopes\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? ncrease the vegetative cover and improve soil properties through the addition of plenty of organic matter/manure."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Improved land management practices bringing back degraded wasteland sites into economic production\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Demonstration and extension while also improving the enabling legislative environment."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Editors\u2019 comments: In China, large areas of degraded hillsides have been brought back into production by constructing terraces on which fruit trees are planted. In this example the technology has been further improved through planting of bahia grass, as a groundcover, to restore the structure and increase the soil organic matter. On a much smaller scale a case of degraded land conversion is presented from Tajikistan."}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 152}, {"funding_institution": 1023}, {"funding_institution": 403}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Orchard development can extend too far up the slope, onto steep mountain sides"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Reserve the upper slopes for forest, and restrict orchards to the lower slopes."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Potential competition for water and nutrients between the bahia grass"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Clean weed (bahia grass included) in the area immediately around the fruit tree."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Increase in farm income becomes very positive only after fruit trees start"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Consider replacing bahia grass with a more palatable perennial fodder plant to improve farm income in the short term."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Low germination rate of bahia seeds"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Expand experimental studies (seed treatments, cuttings, taking splits, etc)."}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1106/map/', 'template': 'raw'}