Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

• 10-100 km2

{'is_geometry': True, 'configuration': 'technologies', 'additional_translations': {}, 'key': 'Map', 'value': '{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","id":1488550981445,"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[10.778,33.350999999999985]},"properties":null}]}', 'questionnaire_object': <Questionnaire: {"qg_name": [{"name": {"en": "Tabia", "fr": "Tabia"}}], "qg_photos": [{"image": "5eb89a00-b4ea-4184-a6f4-0d0854d51c8a", "image_caption": {"en": "Tabia on the piedmont area. Tree products (olive, almond, fig, palm) and annuals (barley) can be harvested.", "fr": "Tabia sur la r\u00e9gion du pi\u00e9mont. Les produits de l'arbre (olive, amande, figue, palmier) et annuelles (orge) peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9colt\u00e9s."}, "image_photographer": {"en": "M. Chniter", "fr": "M. Chniter"}}, {"image": "62a5383b-940c-47e5-bcd3-ceee0fbf56df", "image_date": "04/05/2010", "image_caption": {"en": "Tabia earthen dam in the Jeffara plain. Olive trees are generally grown along the dam, where the harvested water better infiltrates", "fr": "Tabia barrage de terre dans la plaine de Jeffara. Les oliviers sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement cultiv\u00e9s le long du barrage, o\u00f9 l'eau r\u00e9colt\u00e9e s'infiltre mieux"}, "image_location": {"en": "Alamet, Medenine nord", "fr": "Alamet, Medenine nord"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Cyprien Hauser (WOCAT Bern, Switzerland)", "fr": "Cyprien Hauser (WOCAT Bern, Switzerland)"}}, {"image": "0fb9dcde-0f6f-4188-93cc-12bd74db3f14", "image_date": "01/01/2009", "image_caption": {"en": "Tabia on the piedont area. Fruit trees (olive, almond, fig, palm, ..) and annuals (barely, \u2026) can be cropped.", "fr": "Tabia sur la zone piedont. Les arbres fruitiers (oliviers, amandiers, figues, palmiers, ..) et annuelles (\u00e0 peine, ...) peuvent \u00eatre cultiv\u00e9s."}, "image_location": {"en": "Saykha, Medenine nord", "fr": "Saykha, Medenine nord"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Ouessar M. (Medenine, Tunisia)", "fr": "Ouessar M. (Medenine, Tunisia)"}}, {"image": "1a709211-422d-4552-8d40-40bf1a386c0e", "image_caption": {"en": "Tabia earthen dam in the plain. Olive trees are generally grown along the dam, where the harvested water infiltrates better", "fr": "Tabia barrage de terre dans la plaine. Les oliviers sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement cultiv\u00e9s le long du barrage, o\u00f9 l'eau r\u00e9colt\u00e9e s'infiltre mieux"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Ouessar M.", "fr": "Ouessar M."}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "The tabia earthen dyke is a water harvesting technique used in the foothill and piedmont areas.", "fr": "Le tabia, une digue en terre, est une technique de r\u00e9colte de l\u2019eau utilis\u00e9e dans les fonds de vall\u00e9es et les zones de pi\u00e9mont."}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "The tabia technology is similar to the jessour system but is used in the gently-sloping foothill and piedmont areas. It is considered to be a relatively new technique, developed by mountain dwellers who migrated to the plains. Tabias, like jessour, comprise an earthen dyke (50-150 m in length, 1-2 m in height), a spillway (central and/or lateral) and an associated water harvesting area. The ratio between the area where water is applied (cropped area) and the total area from which water is collected varies from 1:6 to 1:20. The differences between the tabia and the jessour systems are that the former contains two additional lateral bunds (up to 30 m long) and sometimes a small flood diversion dyke (mgoud). Small tabia are constructed manually using shovels, pickles and carts. Larger constructions are done mechanically using tractors and bulldozers.\r\n\r\nPurpose of the Technology: Tree products and annual crops are commonly grown using tabia. Besides their water harvesting qualities, tabias also have a positive effect on soil erosion and groundwater recharge.\r\n\r\nNatural / human environment: The tabia runoff-water harvesting technique is widely practised in central Tunisia. Tabias are usually installed on the piedmont, where the slope does not exceed 3% and where the soil is relatively deep. Ancient remnants of tabias have been found in the region of Gafsa (south west Tunisia). The system has been adopted by people living in the neighbouring foothills and plains of the central and southeastern regions (Jeffara) of the country, following the transformation of their pasture to cultivated fields.", "fr": "La technologie du tabia est similaire \u00e0 celle du jessour mais elle est utilis\u00e9e dans les r\u00e9gions \u00e0 faible pente des pieds de collines et des pi\u00e9monts. C\u2019est une technique assez r\u00e9cente, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par les habitants des montagnes qui ont \u00e9migr\u00e9 vers la plaine. Les tabias, comme les jessour, comprennent une digue en terre (50-150 m de long, 1-2 m de haut), un d\u00e9versoir (central et/ou lat\u00e9ral) et une zone de r\u00e9colte d\u2019eau qui leur est associ\u00e9e. Le ratio entre la zone o\u00f9 l\u2019eau est utilis\u00e9e (cultures) et la surface totale de r\u00e9colte d\u2019eau varie entre 1:6 et 1:20. La diff\u00e9rence entre le syst\u00e8me du tabia et celui du jessour est que le premier poss\u00e8de des diguettes lat\u00e9rales en plus (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 30 m de long) et parfois une petite digue de d\u00e9viation des crues (mgoud). Les tabia de petite taille sont construits \u00e0 la main avec des pelles, des pioches et des brouettes. Les constructions plus importantes sont effectu\u00e9es avec des tracteurs et des bulldozers.\r\n\r\nObjet de la technologie: Les Tabia sont surtout utilis\u00e9s pour l\u2019arboriculture et les cultures annuelles. En plus de leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9colter l\u2019eau, les tabias ont un effet positif sur l\u2019\u00e9rosion des sols et la recharge des aquif\u00e8res.\r\n\r\nEnvironnement naturel / humain: La technique de r\u00e9colte de l\u2019eau de ruissellement du tabia est abondamment mise en \u0153uvre dans le centre de la Tunisie. Les tabias sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement install\u00e9s sur le piedmont, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 la pente n\u2019exc\u00e8de pas 3% et o\u00f9 les sols sont assez profonds. Des vestiges d\u2019anciens tabias ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9s dans la r\u00e9gion de Gafsa (sud-ouest de la Tunisie). Le syst\u00e8me a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 par les habitants des plaines et des pi\u00e9monts voisins dans les r\u00e9gions du centre et du sud-est (Jeffara) du pays, suite \u00e0 la transformation de leurs p\u00e2turages en terres de culture."}}], "tech_qg_4": [{"tech_spread_area": "tech_spread_10_100", "tech_spread_tech": "tech_spread_evenly"}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_externally"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Probl\u00e8mes principaux d'utilisation des terres (avis du compilateur): \u00e9rosion hydrique des sols, ruissellement et perte de terre, surp\u00e2turage\r\nMajor land use problems (land users\u2019 perception): overgrazing", "fr": "Probl\u00e8mes principaux d'utilisation des terres (avis du compilateur): \u00e9rosion hydrique des sols, ruissellement et perte de terre, surp\u00e2turage"}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_structural"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland", "tech_lu_grazingland"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ct"], "tech_growing_seasons_specify": {"en": "P\u00e9riode de croissance la plus longue en jour: 180,P\u00e9riode de croissance la plus longue d'un mois \u00e0 l'autre: Octobre - Avril", "fr": "P\u00e9riode de croissance la plus longue en jour: 180,P\u00e9riode de croissance la plus longue d'un mois \u00e0 l'autre: Octobre - Avril"}}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_mixed", "tech_watersupply_comments": {"fr": "Approvisionnement en eau: cultures pluviales, mixtes : pluviales-irrigu\u00e9es"}}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_waterharvesting"]}], "tech_qg_23": [{"tech_measures_structural_sub": ["measures_structural_s2"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Main measures: structural measures", "fr": "Mesures principales: Structures physiques"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_water"]}], "tech_qg_28": [{"degradation_erosion_water_sub": ["degradation_wt", "degradation_wg"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion\r\n\r\nSecondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying\r\n\r\nMain causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), land tenure\r\n\r\nSecondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, population pressure", "fr": "Types principaux de d\u00e9gradation trait\u00e9s: Wt: perte du sol de surface par l\u2019eau\r\nTypes secondaire de d\u00e9gradation trait\u00e9s: Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: ravinement / \u00e9rosion par ravinement\r\nCauses principales de d\u00e9gradation: fort / extr\u00eame niveau de pr\u00e9cipitation (intensit\u00e9 et quantit\u00e9), r\u00e9gime foncier\r\nCauses secondaire de d\u00e9gradation: surp\u00e2turage, pression de la population"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_prevent_ld", "intervention_reduce_ld"], "tech_prevention_comments": {"en": "Main goals: prevention of land degradation\r\n\r\nSecondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation", "fr": "Objectifs principaux: Pr\u00e9venir la d\u00e9gradation des terres \r\n\r\nObjectifs secondaire: Mitigation / r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9gradation des terres"}}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 500.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Labour", "fr": "Travail"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 500.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_39": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 170.0, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 170.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "Annually", "fr": "Annuellement"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Dyke and spillway maintenance", "fr": "Entretien de la digue et du d\u00e9versoir"}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Reconstruction", "fr": "Reconstruction"}}], "tech_qg_45": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 150.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Labour", "fr": "Travail"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 150.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_48": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 50.0, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 50.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_52": [{"tech_input_maint_comments": {"en": "The technology establishment and maintenance costs met by the land users are 100% if executed on a private basis, but it can range from 10 to 50% when the site is part of a publicly-funded programme.", "fr": "Les exploitants fournissent 100% du co\u00fbt de mise en place et d\u2019entretien lorsqu\u2019ils le font \u00e0 titre priv\u00e9, mais leur participation varie de 10 \u00e0 50% lorsque le site fait partie d\u2019un programme recevant des fonds publics."}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_less_250"]}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_arid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": "Thermal climate class: subtropics", "fr": "Classe de climat thermique: subtropicales"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_flat", "tech_slopes_gentle"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_plateau", "tech_landforms_footslopes"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_0_100", "tech_altitudinalzone_100_500"]}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_veryshallow", "tech_soil_depth_shallow"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_low"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_medium"]}], "tech_qg_59": [{"tech_soil_comments": {"en": "Soil fertility is: very low\r\nSoil drainage/infiltration is: medium\r\nSoil water storage is: medium", "fr": "La fertilit\u00e9 des sols est: Tr\u00e8s basse\r\nDrainage / infiltration des sols est: moyen\r\nLe stockage des eaux du sol est: moyen"}}], "tech_qg_60": [{"tech_groundwater": "tech_groundwater_5_50m", "tech_surfacewater": "tech_surfacewater_medium", "tech_waterquality": "tech_waterquality_poor"}], "tech_qg_65": [{"tech_water_comments": {"en": "Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (treatement required/medium quality)", "fr": "Qualit\u00e9 de l'eau (non trait\u00e9e): Mauvaise eau potable (traitement requis / qualit\u00e9 moyenne)"}}], "tech_qg_66": [{"tech_speciesdiversity": "measure_medium"}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_gender": ["gender_men"], "tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_poor", "tech_wealth_average"], "tech_individuals": ["individuals_individual"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_50_plus"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_mixed"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_1_2"], "tech_land_size_relative": ["tech_size_smallscale"]}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_individualnottitled", "tech_ownership_individualtitled"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_individual"], "tech_wateruserights": ["tech_userights_individual"]}], "tech_qg_76": [{"tech_impacts_cropproduction": 6}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users\r\n\r\nDifference in the involvement of women and men: Outdoor hard works are generally performed by men.\r\n\r\nPopulation density: 10-50 persons/km2\r\n\r\nAnnual population growth: 0.5% - 1%\r\n\r\n10% of the land users are rich and own 10% of the land.\r\n70% of the land users are average wealthy and own 75% of the land.\r\n20% of the land users are poor and own 15% of the land.", "fr": "Les utilisateurs de terres qui appliquent la technologie sont principalement des utilisateurs de terres ordinaires / moyens\r\nDiff\u00e9rence dans la participation des femmes et des hommes: Les travaux difficiles \u00e0 l'ext\u00e9rieur sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement effectu\u00e9 par des hommes.\r\nDensit\u00e9 de population: 10-50 persons/km2\r\nCroissance annuelle de la population: 0.5% - 1%\r\n10% des utilisateurs de terre sont riche et poss\u00e8dent la 10% de la terre. \r\n70% des utilisateurs de terre sont g\u00e9n\u00e9rallement fortun\u00e9 et poss\u00e8dent 75% de la terre. \r\n20% des utilisateurs de terre sont pauvre are poor et poss\u00e8dent 15% de la terre. \r\n"}}], "tech_qg_85": [{"tech_impacts_productionfailure": 6}], "tech_qg_93": [{"tech_input_est_comments": {"en": "Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)", "fr": "Dur\u00e9e de la phase d'\u00e9tablissement: 1 mois"}}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "Labour is the most determining factor affecting the costs.", "fr": "La main d\u2019\u0153uvre est le facteur d\u00e9terminant du co\u00fbt total. Le salaire moyen journalier est de 10 US$."}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_TUN", "state_province": {"en": "Medenine", "fr": "M\u00e9denine"}, "further_location": {"en": "Medenine nord", "fr": "M\u00e9denine nord"}}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_farmincome": 6}], "tech_qg_108": [{"tech_impacts_foodsecurity": 5}], "tech_qg_115": [{"tech_impacts_slmknowledge": 6}], "tech_qg_116": [{"tech_impacts_conflictmitigation": 6}], "tech_qg_120": [{"tech_impacts_harvestingwater": 7}], "tech_qg_121": [{"tech_impacts_surfacerunoff": 6}], "tech_qg_123": [{"tech_impacts_groundwater": 6}], "tech_qg_124": [{"tech_impacts_evaporation": 3}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_soilloss": 6}], "tech_qg_146": [{"tech_impacts_wateravailability": 6}], "tech_qg_147": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamflooding": 5}], "tech_qg_148": [{"tech_impacts_reliableflows": 3}], "tech_qg_149": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamsiltation": 5}], "tech_qg_154": [{"tech_impacts_damageinfrastructure": 5}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_10_50"}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "10.00", "fr": "10.00"}, "tech_input_exchange_rate": 1.3, "tech_input_national_currency": {"en": "TND", "fr": "TND"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_timing": {"en": "in the case of tabia on spreading system", "fr": "dans le cas du tabia pour des syst\u00e8mes de diffusion"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "Diversion channel", "fr": "Canal de diversion"}}, {"tech_est_activity": {"en": "Plantation", "fr": "Plantation"}}, {"tech_est_activity": {"en": "Spillway construction", "fr": "Construction du d\u00e9versoir"}}, {"tech_est_activity": {"en": "Terracing", "fr": "Terrassement"}}], "tech_qg_168": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "increase", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_179": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_negative"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_positive"}], "tech_qg_184": [{"country": "country_TUN", "person_gender": "gender_male", "person_lastname": {"en": "Sghaier", "fr": "Sghaier"}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Mongi", "fr": "Mongi"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "Institut des R\u00e9gions Arides IRA", "fr": "Institut des R\u00e9gions Arides IRA"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"country": "country_TUN", "person_gender": "gender_male", "person_lastname": {"en": "Chniter", "fr": "Chniter"}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Mongi", "fr": "Mongi"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "Commissariats R\u00e9gionaux au D\u00e9veloppement Agricole CRDA", "fr": "Commissariats R\u00e9gionaux au D\u00e9veloppement Agricole CRDA"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"user_id": "1032", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "ba3951b9-2255-4bf6-9df5-b445038a9d4b", "tech_drawing_author": {"en": "Adapted from Alaya et al. 1993", "fr": "Adapt\u00e9 de Alaya et al. 1993"}, "tech_specifications": {"en": "Tabia avec zone de collecte d'eau naturelle (sup\u00e9rieure) et tabia sur un syst\u00e8me agrandi avec d\u00e9rivation d'eau suppl\u00e9mentaire (inf\u00e9rieure). (Adapt\u00e9 d'Alaya et al., 1993)\r\nTrouv\u00e9 dans les zones plus plates, tabia peut accueillir plus d'arbres sur la terrasse en particulier quand il peut recevoir d'eau suppl\u00e9mentaire des inondations.\r\n\r\nLocalisation: Tunisie sud-est\r\n\r\nDate: Janvier 2009\r\n\r\nConnaissances techniques requises pour le personnel sur le terrain / conseillers: moyen\r\n\r\nConnaissances techniques requises pour les utilisateurs des terres: moyen\r\n\r\nFonctions principales techniques: contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en ravines: r\u00e9tention/capture\r\n\r\nFonctions techniques secondaire: augmentation de l'infiltration, r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de l\u2019eau / augmentation des r\u00e9serves d\u2019eau, \u00e9pandage des eaux\r\n\r\nD\u00e9tournement de d\u00e9rivation / drainage\r\nHauteur des bunds/barrages/autres (m): 2\r\nLargeur des bunds/barrages/autres (m): 2-5\r\nLongueur des bunds/barrages/autres (m): 10-30\r\n\r\nD\u00e9versoir\r\nHauteur des bunds/barrages/autres (m): 1\r\nLargeur des bunds/barrages/autres (m): 5\r\nLength of bunds/banks/others (m): 2-4\r\n\r\nMur de protection/ rive: rectifi\u00e9\r\nIntervalle verticales entres les structures (m): 3\r\nEspacement entre les structures (m): 100\r\nHauteur des bunds/barragues/autres (m): 2\r\nLargeur des bunds/barrages/autres (m): 2-5\r\nLongueur des bunds/barrages/autres (m): 50-150\r\nMateriel de construction (terre): Digue principale\r\nMateriel de construction (Pierres): D\u00e9versoir\r\nMateriel de construction (b\u00e9ton): D\u00e9versoir\r\nMateriel de construction (autres): Gabion: digue de d\u00e9rivation\r\nGradient lat\u00e9ral le long de la structure: 1%\r\nPour la r\u00e9colte de l'eau: Ratio entre la zone o\u00f9 l'eau r\u00e9colt\u00e9e est appliqu\u00e9e et la superficie totale d'o\u00f9 provient l'eau est 1:4"}}], "tech_qg_186": [{"tech_impacts_other_measure": 2, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "Grazing land", "fr": "Grazing land"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased", "fr": "decreased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased", "fr": "increased"}}], "tech_qg_187": [{"tech_impacts_other_measure": 5, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "Improved livelihoods and human well-being", "fr": "Improved livelihoods and human well-being"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased", "fr": "decreased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased", "fr": "increased"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "35% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\n\r\n65% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support\r\n\r\nThere is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology", "fr": "35% de les familles qui utilisent la terre ont adopt\u00e9 la technique avec du soutien mat\u00e9riel externe\r\n\r\n65% de les familles qui utilisent la terre ont adopt\u00e9 la technique avec aucun soutien mat\u00e9riel externe. \r\n\r\nThere is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology"}, "tech_adoption_spontaneously": "tech_adoption_spont_50_90"}], "tech_qg_197": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_202": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_not_well"}], "tech_qg_205": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_not_well"}], "tech_qg_214": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 670.0}], "tech_qg_223": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs": 200.0}], "tech_qg_226": [{"tech_access_roads": 2, "tech_access_water": 2, "tech_access_energy": 2, "tech_access_health": 2, "tech_access_markets": 2, "tech_access_education": 3, "tech_access_financial": 1, "tech_access_employment": 2, "tech_access_techassistance": 2}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 515.38}], "tech_qg_233": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs_usd": 153.85}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "05/07/2011"}], "qg_references": [{"references_title": {"en": "Alaya, K., Viertmann, W., Waibel, Th. 1993. Les tabias. Imprimerie Arabe de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia. 192 pp.", "fr": "Alaya, K., Viertmann, W., Waibel, Th. 1993. Les tabias. Imprimerie Arabe de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia. 192 pp."}, "references_source": {"en": "IRA", "fr": "IRA"}}, {"references_title": {"en": "Ben Mechlia, N., Ouessar, M. 2004. Water harvesting systems in Tunisia. In: Oweis, T., Hachum, A., Bruggeman, A. (eds). Indigenous water harvesting in West Asia and North Africa, , ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, pp: 21-41", "fr": "Ben Mechlia, N., Ouessar, M. 2004. Water harvesting systems in Tunisia. In: Oweis, T., Hachum, A., Bruggeman, A. (eds). Indigenous water harvesting in West Asia and North Africa, , ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, pp: 21-41"}, "references_source": {"en": "IRA, ICARDA", "fr": "IRA, ICARDA"}}, {"references_title": {"en": "Ennabli, N. 1993. Les am\u00e9nagements hydrauliques et hydro-agricoles en Tunisie. Imprimerie Officielle de la R\u00e9publique Tunisienne, Tunis, 255 pp.", "fr": "Ennabli, N. 1993. Les am\u00e9nagements hydrauliques et hydro-agricoles en Tunisie. Imprimerie Officielle de la R\u00e9publique Tunisienne, Tunis, 255 pp."}, "references_source": {"en": "IRA, INAT", "fr": "IRA, INAT"}}, {"references_title": {"en": "Genin, D., Guillaume, H., Ouessar, M., Ouled Belgacem, A., Romagny, B., Sghaier, M., Taamallah, H. (eds) 2006. Entre la d\u00e9sertification et le d\u00e9veloppement : la Jeffara tunisienne. CERES, Tunis, 351 pp.", "fr": "Genin, D., Guillaume, H., Ouessar, M., Ouled Belgacem, A., Romagny, B., Sghaier, M., Taamallah, H. (eds) 2006. Entre la d\u00e9sertification et le d\u00e9veloppement : la Jeffara tunisienne. CERES, Tunis, 351 pp."}, "references_source": {"en": "IRA, IRD", "fr": "IRA, IRD"}}, {"references_title": {"en": "Nasri, S. 2002. Hydrological effects of water harvesting techniques. Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Sweden, 104 pp.", "fr": "Nasri, S. 2002. Hydrological effects of water harvesting techniques. Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Sweden, 104 pp."}, "references_source": {"en": "IRA, INRGREF", "fr": "IRA, INRGREF"}}, {"references_title": {"en": "Sghaier, M., Mahdhi, N., De Graaff, J., Ouessar, M. 2002. Economic assessment of soil and water conservation works: case of the wadi Oum Zessar watershed in south-eastern Tunisia.TRMP paper n\u00b0 40, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, pp: 101-113.", "fr": "Sghaier, M., Mahdhi, N., De Graaff, J., Ouessar, M. 2002. Economic assessment of soil and water conservation works: case of the wadi Oum Zessar watershed in south-eastern Tunisia.TRMP paper n\u00b0 40, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, pp: 101-113."}, "references_source": {"en": "IRA", "fr": "IRA"}}, {"references_title": {"en": "Ouessar M. 2007. Hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting in wadi Oum Zessar watershed (Southern Tunisia). Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 154 pp.", "fr": "Ouessar M. 2007. Hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting in wadi Oum Zessar watershed (Southern Tunisia). Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 154 pp."}, "references_source": {"en": "IRA", "fr": "IRA"}}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1488550981445,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[10.778,33.350999999999985]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 10}, {"funding_project": 16}], "tech_qg__approaches": [{"link_id": "3517"}, {"link_id": "3028"}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "This technique allows a rapid expansion of cropping lands in the piedmont and flat areas\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure.", "fr": "Cette technique permet d\u2019augmenter rapidement des surfaces cultiv\u00e9es dans les pi\u00e9monts et les zones plates\r\n\r\nComment peuvent-ils \u00eatre soutenus / am\u00e9lior\u00e9s? encourager l\u2019entretien des structures existantes"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Allows crop production in very dry environments (with less than 200 mm of rainfall)\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure.", "fr": "Permet de cultiver dans des environnements tr\u00e8s secs (moins de 200 mm de pluie)\r\n\r\nComment peuvent-ils \u00eatre soutenus / am\u00e9lior\u00e9s? encourager l\u2019entretien des structures existantes."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Collects and accumulates water, soil and nutrients behind the tabia and makes it available to crops\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure.", "fr": "R\u00e9colte et accumule l\u2019eau, la terre et les nutriments derri\u00e8re le tabia et les met \u00e0 disposition des cultures\r\n\r\nComment peuvent-ils \u00eatre soutenus / am\u00e9lior\u00e9s? encourager l\u2019entretien des structures existantes."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Reduced damage by flooding\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure.", "fr": "Diminution des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts dus aux crues\r\n\r\nComment peuvent-ils \u00eatre soutenus / am\u00e9lior\u00e9s? encourager l\u2019entretien des structures existantes."}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 503}, {"funding_institution": 1024}], "qg_strengths_landusers": [{"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Improved production and expansion of cropping land.", "fr": "Am\u00e9lioration de la production et de l'expansion des terres cultiv\u00e9es"}}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Risks related to the climatic changes", "fr": "Risques dus au changement climatique"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "it needs to be combined with supplementary irrigation.", "fr": "doit \u00eatre combin\u00e9 avec une irrigation compl\u00e9mentaire"}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Drought spells", "fr": "P\u00e9riodes de s\u00e9cheresse"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Supplemental irrigation.", "fr": "irrigation compl\u00e9mentaire."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Land ownership fragmentation", "fr": "Fragmentation de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "new land access / agrarian reform.", "fr": "r\u00e9forme agraire."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Productivity of the land is very low", "fr": "La productivit\u00e9 des terres est tr\u00e8s faible"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "development of alternative income generation activities.", "fr": "d\u00e9velopper des solutions alternatives d\u2019activit\u00e9s de revenus."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Risk of local know-how disappearance", "fr": "Risque de disparition des savoirs locaux"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "training of new generations.", "fr": "former les nouvelles g\u00e9n\u00e9rations."}}], "qg_weaknesses_landusers": [{"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Expansion is done at the expense of natural grazing land.", "fr": "L\u2019expansion se fait au d\u00e9triment des surfaces de p\u00e2turage naturel."}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1420/map/', 'template': 'raw'}