Technologies

Growing Arundo reeds (Arundo donax L.) to create buffer zones around households (CACILM) [Turkmenistan]

Turkmenistan - Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM/ИСЦАУЗР)

technologies_1531 - Turkmenistan

Completeness: 82%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
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land user:

Baysakhatov Kakabay

Farmer cultivating Arundo in the Bokurdak village

Turkmenistan

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1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Farming techniques for growing arundo reeds in order to protect households from wind and dust and other economic purposes.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The Arundo reed (Arundo donax) is a 3-4 m tall perennial grass species. It grows wild in Central and South-West Kopetdag on river banks and as a cultivated plant in the gardens of rural areas of Turkmenistan, where it is grown with limited irrigation for economic purposes. Up to 200 t/ha of stems could be harvested. The growing technique is simple. One-off costs for planting Arundo will bring benefits to a farmer for at least 60 years without any additional costs. In the wild and on farmlands, the roots of arundo grow horizontally and in the fall they develop large growth buds in the form of a cone 0.03 m in height and 0.05 m in diameter. In the spring, these buds form above-ground sprouts. To plant the reeds, the roots together with the growth buds should be dug out from the wet soil and cut off with the pruning shears, so that each rootstock has a growth bud. The reeds are then planted in 3-8 m wide belts around the house (150-400m²). In autumn and winter, the planting area is fenced with an earth mound 25x25cm in height and filled with water. Then the land levelling takes place. The soil is spaded to a depth of 20cm, harrowed and planting furrows 15m in height are formed at with 60cm between each row. The area should then be fenced to keep out animals. The rootstocks and growth buds, prepared in advance, are planted perpendicular to the surface of the planting holes in furrows 0.4 m apart and covered with soil. Watering in the 1st year is carried out once every 8 days, and in subsequent years every 15 days.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of this technology is to protect farmers’ households from hot, dry winds and dust and to improve environmental conditions and economic livelihood of villagers living in the extremely hot conditions of the Karakum desert

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Bokurdak village is a pilot village for the GIA project. Stages of implementation: 1) establish a public committee during the villagers’ meeting; 2) conduct a workshop to demonstrate the arundo planting techniques at the pilot plot and train local people and authorities; 3) provide financial assistance to 5 households who have expressed an interest in growing arundo with the aim to involve more people and demonstrate the effect of the technology. Currently, the number of farmers growing Arundo has increased to 40 households

Natural / human environment: Bokurdak village, the administrative center of “Karakum” Daikhans’ Association (DA), is located 90 km north of Ashkhabad in the Central Karakum Desert. The village has a population of 4,200 people and is equipped with a school and hospital. It is supplied with water piped from the Karakum Canal, using for irrigation and the watering of animals. Relief: honeycombed sand ridges with takyrs between them. The water table is located at a depth of 18-25 m. Soil types: sandy deserts, takyr-like soils and typical takyrs and solonchaks. Perennial forage grasses and spring annuals grow on natural pastures. Summer is continental, dry and hot, and winters are cold. Precipitation is 141 mm/year.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Turkmenistan

Region/ State/ Province:

Turkmenistan, Akhal velayat

Further specification of location:

Ruhabadsky etrap

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.01 km2.

Region (oblast) – velayat, district - etrap

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Arundo has long been cultivated in the oases of Turkmenistan, but this is the first time it is grown in this particular climate zone

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Perennial (non-woody) cropping
  • Arundo donax
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 235; Longest growing period from month to month: late March - Mid-November

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Local vegetation has been completely removed and this has led to the formation of sand dunes around the village. Irrigation water shortage (water is delivered to the village by a 90 km long water pipe). High temperatures in summer and low temperatures in winter, winds, dust storms, heavy clay and loamy soils with a low organic matter content

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): There is a lack of time for work in the gardens, because people spend a lot of time out of the houses with their grazing animals. Not everyone has irrigation water.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Cp: Perennial (non-woody) cropping

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Cropland

Cropland

  • Perennial (non-woody) cropping
Other

Other

Specify:

wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • full irrigation

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • windbreak/ shelterbelt
  • area closure (stop use, support restoration)
  • improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

vegetative measures

vegetative measures

  • V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants
  • V5: Others
management measures

management measures

  • M1: Change of land use type
  • M3: Layout according to natural and human environment
  • M4: Major change in timing of activities
  • M7: Others
Comments:

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by wind

soil erosion by wind

  • Eo: offsite degradation effects
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
  • Bq: quantity/ biomass decline
  • Bs: quality and species composition/ diversity decline
  • Bl: loss of soil life
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Eo: offsite degradation effects, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Bl: loss of soil life

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Excessive use of pastures. Water shortages do not allow the growth of enough plants for a secure fodder reserve)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Deforestation has destroyed the natural vegetation and increased soil exposure), education, access to knowledge and support services (Poor knowledge and attitudes of stock-breeders constrain the adequate development of crop production in the village. There is no advisory service in the village that could assist in crop growing), Irrigation water scarcity (Not all households have irrigation water due to its scarcity)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

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Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Planting Arundo donax in the furrows

Location: Bokurdok village. Turkmenistan, Akhal velayat, Ruhabadsky etrap

Date: 2011-10-25

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (One-time consultation (demonstrating the materials and the planting system))

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: Arundo stems can be used as building material

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Vegetative measure: Ridges for planting and irrigation in 0.15 m heigh
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 41750
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.4

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops

Perennial crops species: The perennial species, Arundo reed (Arundo donax L.), has been planted

Change of land use type: The land plot is fenced and guarded to prevent grazing

Change of land use practices / intensity level: A previously unused land plot sustains its biological productivity for 60 years

Layout change according to natural and human environment: Arundo reeds planted around the households improve both the living conditions and microclimate of the households and provide farmers with building materials

Other type of management: Distribution of the species in the village:5 farmers began to grow arundo, and now more than 40 households are engaged in growing arundo

Author:

Nikolay Zverev, 65 Parahat-1 District, ap.26, 744018, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

turkmen manat

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

2.86

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

20

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. The plot is fenced with an earth mound 25x25 cm in height and filled with water, then the land leveling is carried out Autumn and winter
2. Mechanized plowing and harrowing the soil at the land plot After irrigation (winter)
3. Forming irrigation and planting furrows After harrowing
4. Planting in the furrows
5. Watering 16 times during the growing season During the 1st year after the planting, once every 8 days
6. Fencing the plot(Construction of the fence) After forming the irrigation and planting furrows and planting the rhizomes

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour The plot is fenced with an earth mound persons/day/ha 8.0 12.125 97.0 87.0
Labour Forming irrigation and planting furrows persons/day/ha 1111.0 2.0 2222.0 87.0
Labour Planting in the furrows persons/day/ha 67.0 20.0 1340.0 87.0
Labour Watering 16 times during the growing season persons/day/ha 32.0 20.0 640.0 100.0
Equipment Mechanized plowing and harrowing the soil at the land plot hours/ha 1.5 333.33333 500.0 87.0
Equipment Tools spade/ha 1.0 87.0 87.0
Plant material Seedling pieces/ha 41750.0 0.04 1670.0 87.0
Construction material Wooden racks for the fences pieces/ha 200.0 4.0 800.0
Construction material Iron wire for fencing meter/ha 1200.0 0.35 420.0
Other Labour: Fencing the plot persons/day 8.0 20.0 160.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 7936.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 2774.83

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. Irrigation of the Arundo plantations. Watering 10 times during the growing season Watering every 12-15 days

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Irrigation of the Arundo plantations. persons/day/ha 20.0 20.0 400.0 100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 400.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 139.86
Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Spade, tractor, Spades

The calculation is given for the technique of planting Arundo reeds used as windbreaks and building material. The costs are calculated for the area currently used for Arundo plantations (1 ha). Farmers grow plants around their households; the width of the belt is 3-8m, while the length varies from 20 to 50 m. The size of the land plots of each of the first five farmers is 0.025 ha. The area of the farmers’ lands occupied by Arundo is within 150-400 m². The calculations were made on 10.12.2011

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The costs were calculated according to the scheme provided by the farmers growing Arundo reeds at their plots. Manual labor is primarily used in planting and furrowing (there is no agricultural machinery for furrowing in the village). If mechanized furrowing was introduced, the cost of the technology per 1 ha could be reduced

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

141.00

Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

The average annual rainfall is 141 mm; most of the precipitation (115 mm) falls in the period of December-May

Agro-climatic zone
  • arid

Thermal climate class: temperate. For two months a year, the average temperature is below 3.6° C

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Landforms: The technology is applicable where the plants can be watered

Altitudinal zone: 74 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is low

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

5-50 m

Availability of surface water:

medium

Water quality (untreated):

good drinking water

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: The water table is located at a depth of 18-20 m

Availability of surface water: Surface water remains on takyrs after rainfall. Rainfall takes place in the winter and spring seasons. Runoff is absent in summer and autumn

Water quality (untreated): The fresh surface rain water (in winter and spring) is used for drinking purposes (people and animals). The pipeline from the Karakum Canal supplies water for drinking and irrigation

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • medium
Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

There are about 200 species of vascular plants in the area of the research

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Individuals or groups:
  • individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are traditionally used in the household (care on domestic animal, housework, work on the household plot)

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

5% of the land users are rich.
95% of the land users are average wealthy.

Off-farm income specification: 10%-20% of daykhan association (DA) serve outside the DA and make 10%-50% of the family incomes

Market orientation of production system: Livestock breeding for personal use and for sale.

Level of mechanization: Planting and preparation of the planting materials is manual labour and plowing and harrowing is carried out by tractor.

The number of state owned animals grazing on the Daikhan Association’s land: 25090 sheep and 2329 camels. Along with the animals owned by the state there are private cattle grazed on Daikhan Association’s pastures. There are 62863 privately-owned sheep and 5909 privately-owned camels. The total number of animals grazed on these lands is 88 953 sheep and 8238 camels. According to the data of the boundary survey (1980-1981), the total area of the daikhan pastures is 863 474 hectares. The geobotanical survey evaluated the pastures area to be 845 531 ha

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • medium-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • state
Land use rights:
  • leased
  • daikhan association
  • daikhan association
Comments:

The Daikhan Association is engaged in livestock breeding. Farmers lease state-owned animals that graze year round on the desert pastures within the grazing boundaries of the Daikhan Association. Every farmer living in the village has a personal land plot of 0.25-0.3 ha

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

fodder production

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

0

Quantity after SLM:

120 tonn

Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

0

Quantity after SLM:

5-8%

Comments/ specify:

Selling Arundo grown on the area of 0.015-0.04 ha gives 5-8% of additional income for farmers

Other socio-economic impacts

building material

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

0

Quantity after SLM:

300 m3

Comments/ specify:

1 ha yields about 300 m³ of above-ground Arundo donax biomass. 3 m² allows the earning of $ 1.8 and 1 ha is worth $ 5827

initial costs

high
low
Comments/ specify:

The farmer’s annual income will be reduce by 6 - 10% only once, when he invests in the planting of Arundo donax

Socio-cultural impacts

health situation

worsened
improved
Comments/ specify:

Protects houses from dust storms and reduces the frequency of respiratory diseases among farmers

cultural opportunities

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Planting Arundo donax in the farms has a positive impact on the greening of the village

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Planting Arundo donax in the farms has a positive impact on the greening of the village

livelihood and human well-being

Comments/ specify:

The farmers have their own building materials and additional income that comes from selling these materials; the green belts around the farms have reduced wind speed and protect people from the dust carried by strong winds

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil organic matter/ below ground C

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

0.42-0.52%

Quantity after SLM:

0.9-1.0%

Comments/ specify:

Decay of rhizomes increases the humus content in the soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

0

Quantity after SLM:

150 tons

Comments/ specify:

3-4 years after the planting the plants biomass will reach 150-190 tons

habitat diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Lizards and snakes can find shelter in the Arundo thickets

Climate and disaster risk reduction

wind velocity

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

0

Quantity after SLM:

20-30%

Comments/ specify:

The wind speed is reduced by 20-30% on the territory of household protected with the Arundo belts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

wind velocity

improved
reduced
Quantity before SLM:

0

Quantity after SLM:

10-15%

Comments/ specify:

The wind speed drops by 10-15% at a distance of 100 m from the household protected with Arundo donax belts.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season increase or decrease How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm well
local windstorm well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period well
Comments:

The technology has not been modified

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

Comments:

For the first 2 years, while the plants are growing, they do not bring high economic and environmental benefits, this happens later, and the only care the plants require is watering. 2 or 3 waterings a month are enough for the drought-resistant plants

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • > 50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

40 households covering 100 percent of stated area

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 51-90%
Comments:

5 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: In the first phase of the project, 5 farmers’ households received financial aid from the project for the cultivation of Arundo donax

35 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Subsequently, 35 more farmers began cultivating Arundo donax by themselves

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Currently, 10 more people have planted Arundo. This is due to the high demand for building materials. In many households, the lack of irrigation water constrains cultivation of this plant

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Arundo cane does not require complicated care. The plant can withstand 2-3 waterings per month during the summer. This is important for the places where irrigation water is scarce. The plant is resistant to high temperatures

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Arundo stems is used well by the farmers as a building-material for their own needs, and the sale of the remaining stems generates additional income for the family. The number of farmers willing to cultivate this plant will grow in the future. This is due to the increasing demand for Arundo as a building material
A green windbreak is created near the houses and outbuildings, that protect people and animals from hot winds and dust. These belts are effective in protecting the fruit trees and vegetables grown in the gardens from hot winds

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Neighboring farmers visiting the households can see the benefits that Arundo brings to those who grow it around the house
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Arundo Reed (Arundo donax) is a perennial plant. Its cultivation technique is simple and consists of the purchasing or preparation of the planting materials, planting, watering and easy care

How can they be sustained / enhanced? One-off costs for planting Arundo will bring benefit to a farmer during for at least 60 years without any additional costs. If the plot adjacent to the Arundo plantation is watered the plant can itself spread to this a plot
The Arundo belts around the households create a specific microclimate favorable for human health and the growth of other crops on the household plot

How can they be sustained / enhanced? This process will last as long as the plants are growing around the household.
The farmers are economically interested in growing Arundo donax, because the stems of plants can be used as building material for their own needs and the remaining stems can be profitably sold and generate additional income

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Demand for building materials is constantly increasing due to population growth and an increasing number of farmers’ outbuildings constructed in the village, and because the import of similar building materials is much more expensive

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
This technology requires irrigation water, which is scarce in the village Construction of an additional water pipe is necessary

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Popov K.P., Sukhova G.V., Kuksov K.G, Anatomy of the Arundo reed stem (Arundo donax L.) used in wind instruments production. “Izvestiya” magazine, the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR, a biological science series. 1990, № 2

Available from where? Costs?

Library of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan

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