Technologies

Water Storage Ponds in Small-Scale Agricultural Areas [Thailand]

Bo Bao Kanomkrok

technologies_4123 - Thailand

Completeness: 88%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Suriyawongpongsa Munthana

Nakornnayok Station, Land Development Department (Regional 1)

Thailand

SLM specialist:

Jintaridth Bunjirtluk

Land Development Department

Thailand

SLM specialist:

Na Lampang Ratikorn

Land Development Department

Thailand

land user:

Ketkaew Sommai

Tung Kra Prong Study Center

Thailand

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

"Bo Bao Kanomkrok" is a storage pond excavated as a source of water for agricultural purposes. It is shaped in the form of a rectangle to store water in the rainy season and thus to be a source of water in the dry season.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

A water storage facility or "Bo Bao Kanomkrok" is a pond excavated as a source of water for agricultural purposes in the dry season. It is dug in a form of rectangle to store water during the rains and thus to prevent water from drying up in the area. It increases agricultural activities in the dry season. Bo Bao Kanomkrok is excavated in a farmer's agricultural land to a dimension of 8 meters wide, 8 meters long and 10 meters deep. It has a capacity of 640 m3 which is appropriate for an agricultural area of about 6 rai. Water in the storage "bank" is available through the dry season. To establish it, the pond is dug vertically with no side-slopes. After the pond is completed, muddy soil is coated around the bottom and sides to prevent water from seeping out. Plants are grown around the edge of the pond to prevent collapse. Therefore, Bo Bao Kanomkrok is an appropriate low cost option for providing stored water to crops on a small-scale. It is a good prototype for extending to other agricultural plots in the community and adjacent communities. In the small-scale agricultural areas there are fruit-bearing trees, perennial crops and vegetables such as sweet yellow marian plums, durians, santols, hairy-leafed apitongs, Barking Deer's Mango, hedge bamboo, Paco fern, bananas, Garcinia cowa, Brazilian Pepper-tree, etc. Bo Bao Kanomkrok must be maintained by the owner so that it will be efficient in storing water throughout the year.

Ban Thung Krapong Learning Center, Nakhon Nayok province is the prototype for communities to learning to solve problems by themselves, by studying from nature and the environment in the community.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Thailand

Region/ State/ Province:

Nakhon Nayok

Further specification of location:

Ban Thung Krapong Learning Center, Nakhon Nayok province

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 1-10 km2

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

87

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through land users' innovation
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Study this technology from Khao Hin Son Royal Development Center

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • improve production
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):
  • Agroforestry

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Is intercropping practiced?

Yes

Is crop rotation practiced?

Yes

Comments:

Annual cropping

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • water harvesting

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

structural measures

  • S7: Water harvesting/ supply/ irrigation equipment

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wo: offsite degradation effects
Comments:

In long term, they were found that there are accumulation from sediments inside the pond. Therefore, we have to dig out from them.

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Munthana Suriyawongpongsa

Date:

04/10/2018

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:

6 rais

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

32.0

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

300 Baht per day

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Labour cost Before onset of rains
2. Backhoe Before onset of rains

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour labour cost for digging sediments out from well head 4.0 300.0 1200.0 100.0
Labour Labour for driving Backhoe hours 3.0 1200.0 3600.0 100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 4800.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 150.0

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. In long term,sediments accumulation inside the well. Therefore, we have to dig out from them. once per 10 years

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Equipment Backhoe hour 1.0 1200.0 1200.0 100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 1200.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 37.5

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The amount of sediment

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

1500.00

Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Rainfall season is between May to October and Heavy rainfall is during August and September

Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:

Nakhon Nayok Meteorological Station

Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • high (>3%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

5-50 m

Availability of surface water:

good

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Is water salinity a problem?

Yes

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Yes

Regularity:

frequently

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • medium
Habitat diversity:
  • medium
Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Variety of plants

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:
  • Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Individuals or groups:
  • individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
Gender:
  • men
Age of land users:
  • middle-aged

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • individual
Water use rights:
  • individual

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

crop quality

decreased
increased

product diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

more diversity of plants

production area

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

area of plants increases

land management

hindered
simplified
Comments/ specify:

easier soil management

Water availability and quality

water availability for livestock

decreased
increased

irrigation water availability

decreased
increased
Income and costs

expenses on agricultural inputs

increased
decreased

farm income

decreased
increased

diversity of income sources

decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved

health situation

worsened
improved

land use/ water rights

worsened
improved

community institutions

weakened
strengthened

conflict mitigation

worsened
improved

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

water quantity

decreased
increased

groundwater table/ aquifer

lowered
recharge
Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil cover

reduced
improved

soil loss

increased
decreased

soil organic matter/ below ground C

decreased
increased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

reliable and stable stream flows in dry season

reduced
increased

buffering/ filtering capacity

reduced
improved

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season increase or decrease How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase very well
seasonal temperature dry season increase very well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
tropical storm very well
extra-tropical cyclone very well
local rainstorm very well
local thunderstorm very well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood very well
flash flood very well
storm surge/ coastal flood very well
Biological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
epidemic diseases not known
insect/ worm infestation not known

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
extended growing period very well
reduced growing period very well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

very positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

very positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • > 50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

87 (110 )

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 91-100%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Yes

Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):

Land use change

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Bo Bao Kanomkrok is an appropriate and low cost measure in storing water to use in small-scale agricultural areas.
It is a good prototype for extending to other farms in the community and adjacent communities.
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Appropriate for farmers for storing water to use throughout the year
Benefit for farmers to have small farm ponds for producing their own food.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
The ponds must be maintained by the owner so it will be efficiency in storing water throughout the year.
Choosing the area to drill requires certain experiences/expertise, as the area must have a spring.
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Because the sediment deposits in the pond with time, it may affect the amount of stored water. The sediment should be excavated out of the pond every year or as needed.

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys

5 persons

  • interviews with land users

1 person

  • interviews with SLM specialists/ experts

4 persons

  • compilation from reports and other existing documentation

1 persons

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

13/09/2018

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

-

Available from where? Costs?

-

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

Ban Tung Kraprong Study Center Project

URL:

http:\\www.1ldd.go.th/WEB_PSD/prnew/2561/sr1-61/sr2.pdf

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