Technologies

Organic Farming on a Moderate Hillside Slope [Thailand]

Creation: 12/06/2018 7:38 a.m.
Update: 01/18/2021 5:16 p.m.
Compiler: Kukiat SOITONG
Editor: –
Reviewers: Rima Mekdaschi Studer, William Critchley

เกษตรอินทรีย์บนพื้นที่ลาดเชิงเขา

technologies_4242 - Thailand

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Completeness: 96%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

co-compiler:

ผู้รวบรวม:

{'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 'kulwadee sutthawas', 'user_id': '6021', 'unknown_user': False, 'template': 'raw'}

land user:

Mongkolkanjanakul Phatphong

Thailand

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

Comments:

The farmer is able to apply the technology himself/ herself

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

Natural Agriculture Club [Thailand]

The Natural Agriculture Club is a group of farmers who conduct organic farming on sloping land. An organic farming technology transfer centre has been established.

Compiler: Kukiat SOITONG
12/06/2018 7:45 a.m.

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Organic farming on moderate hillside slopes protects the land, soil and water to produce sustainable and safe and natural farm products without the use of chemicals.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Farming on sandy and gravelly sloping hillsides without soil and water conservation (SWC) measures causes erosion and thus reduces soil fertility. Any area grown to monocrops, such as maize, for a long time using high rates of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, will leave toxic residues in the products, becoming harmful to farmers’ and consumers’ health. Organic farming with the SWC measures is a solution. There are key elements to organic farming technology on sloping area. Soil fertility can be improved by growing leguminous green manures as well as applying compost. A farm should be divided by slope gradient for proper management in each zone. There should be ponds dug for water supply. An organic farm needs a buﬀer zone to help to control diseases and insects. Finally, weed control should be done by a mechanical method, leaving residues for mulching.

Organic farming in these areas restores soil fertility, balances the ecology and increases biodiversity, as well as reducing costs and generating more income. There are health benefits too. Procedures are as follows:
1. Increasing soil fertility: Grow green manure crops (jack bean and sunn hemp) alternately 6 times a year for 2 years. Incorporate the compost made from farm residues and the bio-fermented solution in the soil.
2. Zone management: The farming area should be divided by the slope zones for SWC measures and crop management. Grow vetiver grass on slopes to slow the ﬂow of water, to trap sediment and to control insect pests. The farm should be divided into two parts. For moderately sloping hillsides area one should grow bamboo, fruit trees, and/or home-use forest, and for flatter areas one may grow bananas, papaya, vegetables, guava, herbs, fruits tree, etc.
3. On-farm water resources: Make an on-farm water resource by digging ponds and/or drilling groundwater for farming and home use. If a sprinkler system is installed; bio-fermented soil amendment solution is applied through the process of fertigation (nutrients in irrigation water).
4. The Buﬀer Zone is built by planting bamboo and trees to trap chemicals that might be blown through that space. The Buffer Zone width is 3-5 meters.
5. Pest control is carried out by using bio-fermented solution LDD 7.
6. Weed control is done by mechanical means, resulting in material to use for mulching and to increase organic matter.
7. Do farm accounting to know the cost of investment and of farm management.

To farmers there are some beneﬁts from organic farming: soil becomes more fertile, cost of production is reduced, farm products are safe and meet the market’s demand, and the producers’ and consumers’ health is better. There is good cooperation among farmers, government and private agencies involved in the project. The use of the technology gives an opportunity to farmers to achieve the standard for certiﬁcation. Organic farm products are under the government’s driven policy and there is good cooperation among public and private agencies which eventually increases farmers’ competitiveness.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

Media Gallery

General remarks regarding photos:

2.4 Videos of the Technology

Comments, short description:

-https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=7&v=5INHx5_Hb6k

Location:

Moo 4 Ban Thungna, Nongpet Sub-district, Srisawat District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand (หมู่ 4 บ้านทุ่งนา ต. หนองเป็ด อ. ศรีสวัสดิ์ จ. กาญบุรี)

Name of videographer:

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Thailand

Region/ State/ Province:

Kanchanaburi

Further specification of location:

Moo4 Ban Thungna Tambon Nongpet Srisawat District Kanchanaburi province

Specify the spread of the Technology:

applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

Comments:

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Liniger"}}], "qg_videos": [{"video_location": {"en": "Moo 4 Ban Thungna, Nongpet Sub-district, Srisawat District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand (\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e39\u0e48 4 \u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e32 \u0e15. \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e14 \u0e2d. \u0e28\u0e23\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e34\u0e4c \u0e08. \u0e01\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e23\u0e35)", "th": "-"}, "video_description": {"en": "-https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=7&v=5INHx5_Hb6k", "th": "-"}, "video_videographer": {"en": "-", "th": "-"}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "Organic farming on moderate hillside slopes protects the land, soil and water to produce sustainable and safe and natural farm products without the use of chemicals.", "th": "\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e32 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e22\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e22\u0e37\u0e19"}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "Farming on sandy and gravelly sloping hillsides without soil and water conservation (SWC) measures causes erosion and thus reduces soil fertility. Any area grown to monocrops, such as maize, for a long time using high rates of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, will leave toxic residues in the products, becoming harmful to farmers\u2019 and consumers\u2019 health. Organic farming with the SWC measures is a solution. There are key elements to organic farming technology on sloping area. Soil fertility can be improved by growing leguminous green manures as well as applying compost. A farm should be divided by slope gradient for proper management in each zone. There should be ponds dug for water supply. An organic farm needs a bu\ufb00er zone to help to control diseases and insects. Finally, weed control should be done by a mechanical method, leaving residues for mulching. \r\n\r\nOrganic farming in these areas restores soil fertility, balances the ecology and increases biodiversity, as well as reducing costs and generating more income. There are health benefits too. Procedures are as follows: \r\n1. Increasing soil fertility: Grow green manure crops (jack bean and sunn hemp) alternately 6 times a year for 2 years. Incorporate the compost made from farm residues and the bio-fermented solution in the soil. \r\n2. Zone management: The farming area should be divided by the slope zones for SWC measures and crop management. Grow vetiver grass on slopes to slow the \ufb02ow of water, to trap sediment and to control insect pests. The farm should be divided into two parts. For moderately sloping hillsides area one should grow bamboo, fruit trees, and/or home-use forest, and for flatter areas one may grow bananas, papaya, vegetables, guava, herbs, fruits tree, etc. \r\n3. On-farm water resources: Make an on-farm water resource by digging ponds and/or drilling groundwater for farming and home use. If a sprinkler system is installed; bio-fermented soil amendment solution is applied through the process of fertigation (nutrients in irrigation water). \r\n4. The Bu\ufb00er Zone is built by planting bamboo and trees to trap chemicals that might be blown through that space. The Buffer Zone width is 3-5 meters.\r\n5. Pest control is carried out by using bio-fermented solution LDD 7. \r\n6. Weed control is done by mechanical means, resulting in material to use for mulching and to increase organic matter.\r\n7. Do farm accounting to know the cost of investment and of farm management. \r\n\r\nTo farmers there are some bene\ufb01ts from organic farming: soil becomes more fertile, cost of production is reduced, farm products are safe and meet the market\u2019s demand, and the producers\u2019 and consumers\u2019 health is better. There is good cooperation among farmers, government and private agencies involved in the project. The use of the technology gives an opportunity to farmers to achieve the standard for certi\ufb01cation. Organic farm products are under the government\u2019s driven policy and there is good cooperation among public and private agencies which eventually increases farmers\u2019 competitiveness.", "th": "(1)\u0e40\u0e17\u0e04\u0e42\u0e19\u0e42\u0e25\u0e22\u0e35\u0e19\u0e33\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e19(\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e27\u0e14\u0e25\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e27\u0e14\u0e25\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e19\u0e38\u0e29\u0e22\u0e4c\r\n\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e32 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\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e22\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e02\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n)(2) \u0e2d\u0e30\u0e44\u0e23\u0e04\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e17\u0e04\u0e42\u0e19\u0e42\u0e25\u0e22\u0e35\r\n\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e17\u0e04\u0e42\u0e19\u0e42\u0e25\u0e22\u0e35\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e32 \r\n1.\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e14\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e39\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e0a\u0e1b\u0e38\u0e4b\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e14(\u0e1b\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e17\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e2a\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e16\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32)\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49 \u0e1b\u0e38\u0e4b\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e31\u0e01 \r\n2.\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22 \u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e49\u0e32\u0e41\u0e1d\u0e01 \u0e1a\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e32 \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e30\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e19 \r\n3. \u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e02\u0e38\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e30\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d \u0e02\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e14\u0e32\u0e25 \r\n4. \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e17\u0e33 Buffer Zone \r\n5. \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e42\u0e23\u0e04\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e41\u0e21\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e20\u0e31\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c \r\n6. \u0e01\u0e33\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e27\u0e31\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e0a 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Increasing soil fertility (integrated use of mixed green manure with bio-fermented solution and compost): Grow green manure crops (jack bean and sunn hemp) alternately 6 times a year for 2 years. In practice, the sun hemp seed is sown at a rate of 5 kg/rai, let the plants grow and plow them over after 50-60 days. After that, spray bio-fermented solution (from fruit-vegetable mixture, treated with microorganisms) at a rate of 5 l bio-solution mixed with 100 l of water for an area of 1 rai. Let the decomposition go on for 12-15 days. Then grow jack bean at a rate 5-8 kg/rai in rows with row spacing of 75-100 cm and do the rest the same as for the sunn hemp. Finally, incorporate the compost made from farm residues and the bio-fermented solution in the soil. \r\n2. The area management: The farming area should be divided by the slope grade for SWC measures and crop management. It is wise to grow the vetiver grass on a sloping area to slow down the \ufb02ow of water, to trap sediment and to control insect pests. The farm area should be divided into two parts. For the moderate sloping hillside area one should grow bamboo, fruit tree, and/or home-use forest and for the plain area one may grow bananas, papaya, vegetables, guava, herbs, fruits tree, etc. \r\n3. On-farm water resources: Making an on-farm water resource by digging ponds and/or drilling groundwater for farming and home use. The farming area is 34 rai, with a sprinkler system being installed; the bio-fermented solution is applied through the system. \r\n4. The Bu\ufb00er Zone is built by planting bamboo and home-use trees. In the area that such vegetations could not be planted, put the shading slant up to 2.5 m high, to trap the chemicals that might be blown through that space. The Bu\ufb00er Zone width is 3-5 m.\r\n5. Pest control is done by using bio-fermented solution LDD 7. \r\n6. Weed control is done by a mechanical means, resulting in having material to use for mulching and to increase the organic matter.\r\n7. 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\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07 2 \u0e1b\u0e35 \r\n1.1.1 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1b\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e17\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07\r\n \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e21\u0e25\u0e47\u0e14\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e13 5 \u0e01\u0e34\u0e42\u0e25\u0e01\u0e23\u0e31\u0e21/\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e23\u0e32\u0e14\u0e01\u0e25\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e46 \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27 \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e13 50 -60 \u0e27\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e40\u0e21\u0e25\u0e47\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e01 \u0e1b\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e17\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e16\u0e01\u0e25\u0e1a \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e31\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e1e\u0e14. 2 (\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e31\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e31\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49) \u0e09\u0e35\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 5 \u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e23\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 100 \u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e13 12 -15 \u0e27\u0e31\u0e19 \r\n1.1.2 \u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e16\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\r\n \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e23\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e41\u0e16\u0e27 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e21\u0e25\u0e47\u0e14\u0e42\u0e23\u0e22\u0e25\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e41\u0e16\u0e27 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e23\u0e30\u0e22\u0e30\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e41\u0e16\u0e27 75 \u2013 100\u0e40\u0e0b\u0e19\u0e15\u0e34\u0e40\u0e21\u0e15\u0e23 \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e23\u0e22\u0e40\u0e21\u0e25\u0e47\u0e14\u0e25\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e41\u0e16\u0e27\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e01\u0e25\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e21\u0e25\u0e47\u0e14\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e46 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 5 - 8 \u0e01\u0e34\u0e42\u0e25\u0e01\u0e23\u0e31\u0e21\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48 \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27 \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e13 50 -60 \u0e27\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e40\u0e21\u0e25\u0e47\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e01 \u0e16\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e16\u0e01\u0e25\u0e1a \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e31\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e1e\u0e14. 2 (\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e31\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e31\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49) \u0e09\u0e35\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 5 \u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e23\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 100 \u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e13 12 -15 \u0e27\u0e31\u0e19 \r\n 1.2 \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e38\u0e4b\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e31\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e27\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1f\u0e32\u0e23\u0e4c\u0e21 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e31\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\r\n2. \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \r\n2.1 \u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e49\u0e32\u0e41\u0e1d\u0e01 \u0e1a\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e32 \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e30\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 \u0e14\u0e31\u0e01\u0e15\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e41\u0e21\u0e25\u0e07\u0e28\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e0a\r\n2.2 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e0a\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19 2 \u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e37\u0e2d \r\n-\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e32 \u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e44\u0e1c\u0e48 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e25 \u0e1b\u0e48\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e22\r\n-\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a \u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e01\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22 \u0e21\u0e30\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d \u0e1e\u0e37\u0e0a\u0e1c\u0e31\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e27\u0e19\u0e04\u0e23\u0e31\u0e27 \u0e1d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e2a\u0e21\u0e38\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1e\u0e23 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e25\r\n3. \u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e02\u0e38\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e30\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e02\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e14\u0e32\u0e25 \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e42\u0e20\u0e04 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e25\u0e38\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 34 \u0e44\u0e23\u0e48 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e31\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e1c\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c\r\n4. \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e17\u0e33 Buffer Zone \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e44\u0e1c\u0e48 \u0e1b\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e02\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e41\u0e25\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e07 2.50 \u0e40\u0e21\u0e15\u0e23 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 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public and private sectors", "th": "3.1 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e46 \u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e38\u0e19"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "The standard of product certi\ufb01cation gives confidence to markets and create good demand for the products from them.", "th": "3.2 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information and knowledge", "th": "1.\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e46\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19"}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Misunderstanding /lack of knowledge on soil improvement of organic farmers", "th": "2.\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e02\u0e32\u0e14\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e43\u0e08\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e38\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e38\u0e07\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "more training", "th": "2.\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e25\u0e38\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19"}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Lack of organic supply chain and marketing of organic farmers", "th": "3)\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e02\u0e32\u0e14\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e43\u0e08\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "more information and make it easy to access", "th": "3. \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c"}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Pricing and price volatility of organic products are a major problem of organic farming", "th": "4)\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e48\u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e31\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e27\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "public and related agencies should help in supervising/or making a control system", "th": "4.\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e20\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e41\u0e17\u0e49\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e07"}}], "qg_weaknesses_landusers": [{"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Organic agriculture takes longer time than normal", "th": "1.1 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e4c"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "find out the technology to be the solution", "th": "1.1 \u0e2b\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e04\u0e42\u0e19\u0e42\u0e25\u0e22\u0e35\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e46\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22"}}, {"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Need more Bu\ufb00er Zone to protect the e\ufb00ect from outside \ufb01elds", "th": "1.2 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e29\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "need any regulation to support and protect the organic production area/zone", "th": "1.2 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e38\u0e49\u0e21\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e4c"}}, {"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Organic product certi\ufb01cation takes time and many steps related agencies", "th": "2.1 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e19\u0e32\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e4c"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": ") related agencies should try to reduce the time and improve the process of certi\ufb01cation", "th": "2.1 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e21"}}, {"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "More labour and time to provide raw material in making organic fertilizers", "th": "2.2 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e27\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e1b\u0e38\u0e4b\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e17\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e07"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "explore other alternatives, e.g. local materials and sources, to reduce the cost of production", "th": "2.2 \u0e2b\u0e32\u0e27\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e19\u0e33\u0e21\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e25\u0e14\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e34\u0e15"}}, {"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Misunderstanding/confused on organic products by consumers", "th": "3.1 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e42\u0e20\u0e04\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e04\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e30\u0e44\u0e23"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "to do more public relations and/or campaign", "th": "3.1 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1c\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19"}}, {"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "High cost of production and no di\ufb00erence in the prices of organic and general products", "th": "3.2\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32 \u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e21\u0e35\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e07"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "related organizations should do more public relations to increase the understanding of the public", "th": "3.2 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e15\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a"}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_4242/map/', 'template': 'raw'}

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2004

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

DOAE

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

improve production
reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Perennial (non-woody) cropping
Tree and shrub cropping

mango Papya Coconut guava bamboo

Grazing land

Comments:

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Comments:

3.4 Water supply

other (e.g. post-flooding):

underground water well

Comments:

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

windbreak/ shelterbelt
integrated crop-livestock management
integrated soil fertility management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

A2: Organic matter/ soil fertility

vegetative measures

V1: Tree and shrub cover

Comments:

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion

chemical soil deterioration

Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)

biological degradation

Bq: quantity/ biomass decline

Comments:

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

prevent land degradation
reduce land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

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Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Procedures for the implementation of organic farming systems on sloping areas are as follow:
1. Increasing soil fertility (integrated use of mixed green manure with bio-fermented solution and compost): Grow green manure crops (jack bean and sunn hemp) alternately 6 times a year for 2 years. In practice, the sun hemp seed is sown at a rate of 5 kg/rai, let the plants grow and plow them over after 50-60 days. After that, spray bio-fermented solution (from fruit-vegetable mixture, treated with microorganisms) at a rate of 5 l bio-solution mixed with 100 l of water for an area of 1 rai. Let the decomposition go on for 12-15 days. Then grow jack bean at a rate 5-8 kg/rai in rows with row spacing of 75-100 cm and do the rest the same as for the sunn hemp. Finally, incorporate the compost made from farm residues and the bio-fermented solution in the soil.
2. The area management: The farming area should be divided by the slope grade for SWC measures and crop management. It is wise to grow the vetiver grass on a sloping area to slow down the ﬂow of water, to trap sediment and to control insect pests. The farm area should be divided into two parts. For the moderate sloping hillside area one should grow bamboo, fruit tree, and/or home-use forest and for the plain area one may grow bananas, papaya, vegetables, guava, herbs, fruits tree, etc.
3. On-farm water resources: Making an on-farm water resource by digging ponds and/or drilling groundwater for farming and home use. The farming area is 34 rai, with a sprinkler system being installed; the bio-fermented solution is applied through the system.
4. The Buﬀer Zone is built by planting bamboo and home-use trees. In the area that such vegetations could not be planted, put the shading slant up to 2.5 m high, to trap the chemicals that might be blown through that space. The Buﬀer Zone width is 3-5 m.
5. Pest control is done by using bio-fermented solution LDD 7.
6. Weed control is done by a mechanical means, resulting in having material to use for mulching and to increase the organic matter.
7. Do farm accounting to know the cost of investment and of farm management.

Author:

Department of Agricultural Extension 2559

Date:

2016

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

per Technology area

Indicate size and area unit:

39 Rai

If using a local area unit, indicate conversion factor to one hectare (e.g. 1 ha = 2.47 acres): 1 ha =:

6.25rai

other/ national currency (specify):

(THB)

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

32.0

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

300 THB

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	amelioration	before planting
2.	water system	dry season
3.	weed control	growing period
4.	Pest control	growing period
5.	Buffer zone	rainy season
6.	vetiver grass growing	rainy season
7.	farm accounting	all year round

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	sunn hemp growing	time	2.0	900.0	1800.0	100.0
Labour	ploughing	time	2.0	900.0	1800.0	100.0
Labour	bio fermented solution spray	time	2.0	900.0	1800.0	100.0
Labour	applied compost	time	1.0	1800.0	1800.0	100.0
Equipment	applied Dolomite	time	1.0	1600.0	1600.0	100.0
Equipment	applied compost	time	1.0	9000.0	9000.0	100.0
Equipment	weed control	time	8.0	9600.0	76800.0	100.0
Equipment	pest control	time	24.0	600.0	14400.0	100.0
Equipment	shade net as buffer zone	pc	2.0	600.0	1200.0	100.0
Equipment	tree growing as buffer zone	time	2.0	600.0	1200.0	100.0
Equipment	maintenance/cutting vetiver grass leaf	time	8.0	900.0	7200.0	100.0
Equipment	accessories of underground water well	pc	3.0	30000.0	90000.0	100.0
Plant material	shade net	pc	2.0	1700.0	3400.0	100.0
Plant material	sunn hemp seed	kg	63.0	33.0	2079.0	100.0
Plant material	tree seedling for buffer zone	plant	100.0	10.0	1000.0	100.0
Plant material	vetiver grass seedling	plant	150000.0	0.73	109500.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	land preparation
Fertilizers and biocides	bio fermented solution	litre	50.0	20.0	1000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Dolomite	kg	4200.0	4.0	16800.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	compost	kg	5500.0	4.0	22000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	pesticide	litre	50.0	30.0	1500.0	100.0
Other	land preparation
Other	land preparation	rai	21.0	500.0	10500.0	100.0
Other	under ground water well	well	3.0	70000.0	210000.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					586379.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					18324.34

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Comments:

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	irrigation system	2 times a year before and after rainy season
2.	weed control	12 times a year during cropping season
3.	pest control	12 times a year during cropping season
4.	buffer zone	2 times a year before and after cropping season
5.	vetiver grass	12 times a year during cropping season

Comments:

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	weed control	time	8.0	1200.0	9600.0	100.0
Labour	pest control	time	24.0	600.0	14400.0	100.0
Labour	buffer zone maintenance	time	6.0	300.0	1800.0	100.0
Labour	cutting vetiver grass row	time	8.0	900.0	7200.0	100.0
Other	electricity for irrigation	month	12.0	500.0	6000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					39000.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					1218.75

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Comments:

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Utility bills, electricity, drilling an artesian well and system, labour and transportation cost

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1,000 mm
1,001-1,500 mm
1,501-2,000 mm
2,001-3,000 mm
3,001-4,000 mm
> 4,000 mm

Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

1600.00

Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

This is a rain shadow area, a few rain events, very hot during summer and very cold in winter, max temp 44-45 degree celsius in April, minimum temp in December 8-9 degree Celsius, average temp 27 degree celsius rainy season starting April until mid-October.

Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:

Agro-climatic zone

humid

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:

flat (0-2%)
gentle (3-5%)
moderate (6-10%)
rolling (11-15%)
hilly (16-30%)
steep (31-60%)
very steep (>60%)

Landforms:

plateau/plains
ridges
mountain slopes
hill slopes
footslopes
valley floors

Altitudinal zone:

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

concave situations

Comments and further specifications on topography:

The majority of land is plateau plain close to SriNaklarin Dam Topography is lime stone mountain and sediment stone Highest point 1,100 meters above sea level, average high is 400 meters

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:

very shallow (0-20 cm)
shallow (21-50 cm)
moderately deep (51-80 cm)
deep (81-120 cm)
very deep (> 120 cm)

Soil texture (topsoil):

medium (loamy, silty)

Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):

fine/ heavy (clay)

Topsoil organic matter:

medium (1-3%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

> 50 m

Availability of surface water:

good

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Is water salinity a problem?

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:

medium

Habitat diversity:

medium

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:

Sedentary

Market orientation of production system:

mixed (subsistence/ commercial)

Off-farm income:

less than 10% of all income

Relative level of wealth:

average

Individuals or groups:

individual/ household

Level of mechanization:

manual work

Gender:

Age of land users:

middle-aged

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

< 0.5 ha
0.5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1,000 ha
1,000-10,000 ha
> 10,000 ha

Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?

large-scale

Comments:

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

individual, titled

Land use rights:

individual

Water use rights:

individual

Specify:

Comments:

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:

poor
moderate
good

education:

poor
moderate
good

technical assistance:

poor
moderate
good

employment (e.g. off-farm):

poor
moderate
good

markets:

poor
moderate
good

energy:

poor
moderate
good

roads and transport:

poor
moderate
good

drinking water and sanitation:

poor
moderate
good

financial services:

poor
moderate
good

Comments:

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

crop quality

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

animal production

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

product diversity

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

land management

hindered

simplified

Comments/ specify:

Water availability and quality

drinking water quality

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

Income and costs

expenses on agricultural inputs

increased

decreased

Comments/ specify:

farm income

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

diversity of income sources

decreased

increased

workload

increased

decreased

Comments/ specify:

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced

improved

Comments/ specify:

health situation

worsened

improved

Comments/ specify:

community institutions

weakened

strengthened

Comments/ specify:

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced

improved

Comments/ specify:

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil moisture

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

soil loss

increased

decreased

Comments/ specify:

nutrient cycling/ recharge

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

soil organic matter/ below ground C

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

plant diversity

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

Climate and disaster risk reduction

drought impacts

increased

decreased

Comments/ specify:

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases

increased

decreased

Comments/ specify:

fire risk

increased

decreased

Comments/ specify:

wind velocity

increased

decreased

Comments/ specify:

Specify assessment of on-site impacts (measurements):

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

downstream siltation

increased

decreased

Comments/ specify:

groundwater/ river pollution

increased

reduced

Comments/ specify:

damage on neighbours' fields

increased

reduced

Comments/ specify:

Specify assessment of off-site impacts (measurements):

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature	decrease	moderately
seasonal temperature	decrease	moderately
annual rainfall		moderately
seasonal rainfall		moderately

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	moderately

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well
forest fire	moderately

Biological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
epidemic diseases	not well

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
extended growing period	not well
reduced growing period	well

Comments:

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

positive

Comments:

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

1-10%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

10 ครัวเรือน

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

0-10%

Comments:

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Yes

other (specify):

adjust the expenditure ,must more saving approach and keeping more details

Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):

Reduce the use of energy by using solar cell for water pump.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
More fertility in the agricultural production area
Cost reduction
Safe food production
Higher price of products
Farmers/consumers have better health
Good transportation and easy access to the market
More opportunity to learn and to get more knowledge
Better cooperation among supporting agencies from both public and private sectors
The standard of product certiﬁcation gives confidence to markets and create good demand for the products from them.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
The public policy supports the organic agriculture.
Cooperation among farmers and the public sectors makes more chance and competitiveness of production.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Organic agriculture takes longer time than normal	find out the technology to be the solution
Need more Buﬀer Zone to protect the eﬀect from outside ﬁelds	need any regulation to support and protect the organic production area/zone
Organic product certiﬁcation takes time and many steps related agencies	) related agencies should try to reduce the time and improve the process of certiﬁcation
More labour and time to provide raw material in making organic fertilizers	explore other alternatives, e.g. local materials and sources, to reduce the cost of production
Misunderstanding/confused on organic products by consumers	to do more public relations and/or campaign
High cost of production and no diﬀerence in the prices of organic and general products	related organizations should do more public relations to increase the understanding of the public

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Lack of systematic land use planning farmer	give more information and knowledge
Misunderstanding /lack of knowledge on soil improvement of organic farmers	more training
Lack of organic supply chain and marketing of organic farmers	more information and make it easy to access
Pricing and price volatility of organic products are a major problem of organic farming	public and related agencies should help in supervising/or making a control system

7. References and links

Links and modules

Collapse all

Links

Natural Agriculture Club [Thailand]

The Natural Agriculture Club is a group of farmers who conduct organic farming on sloping land. An organic farming technology transfer centre has been established.

Compiler: Kukiat SOITONG
12/06/2018 7:45 a.m.

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