Technologies

Defensivo de piedra tipo "acantilado" [Bolivia, Plurinational State of]

Enrocado

technologies_514 - Bolivia, Plurinational State of

Completeness: 88%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

Comments:

Es una tecnología rustica no complicada que sirve para proteger suelos cultivables

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Defensivos flexibles y rústicos, se emplean para proteger terrenos de cultivo frente a amenazas de riadas y erosión lateral. esta conformada de rocas de gran diámetro con altura y espesor variable que puede ser complementada con plantación de árboles.
Su resistencia y flexibilidad permite que no se deforme fácilmente ante fuertes eventos de crecidas de agua.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

La tecnología puede, preferentemente, aplicarse en entornos naturales con amenazas de inundaciones dinámicas y en los margenes de ríos. Son defensivos flexibles y rústicos que se emplean para proteger terrenos de cultivos. esta conformado de rocas de altura y espesor variable, según requerimiento. Se aplican paralelos al cauce del río y al pie de terreno a protegerse. Entre los insumos a usar son: piedras de gran tamaño, retroexcavadora para movimientos de tierra para la nivelación y fundación, picos, palas, barrenas y palancas; volquetes para traslado de la piedra.
Vida útil de 10 años del defensivo, disminución de costos de rehabilitación, disminución de costos de afectación por inundaciones a viviendas y terrenos de cultivo. Su tecnología es apropiada y de bajo costo usando materiales locales y costos bajos de operación y mantenimiento.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Bolivia, Plurinational State of

Region/ State/ Province:

Provincia Sud Chichas;

Further specification of location:

Comunidades Colchas e Ichupampa.

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area
Comments:

La tecnología se aplica en lugares puntuales e inundables especialmente en zonas de meandros

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2013

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Se evaluó con las comunidades el mejor sistema que resistía las inundaciones en la zona y se eligió el acantilado como la mas duradera, por experiencias previas en otras zonas de la región.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

No


Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
  • Tree and shrub cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
  • cereals - maize
  • root/tuber crops - potatoes
Tree and shrub cropping - Specify crops:
  • stone fruits (peach, apricot, cherry, plum, etc)
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Son cultivos anuales como el maiz y la papa; asi como el durazno.

Comments:

Al reducir el riesgo frente inundaciones se protege la productión de hortalizas y productos frutales para la venta y el autoconsumo.

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
  • No (Continue with question 3.4)

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea)
  • ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

structural measures

  • S6: Walls, barriers, palisades, fences
Comments:

Los defensivos tipo acantilado son medidas estructurales para prevenir efectos de inundaciones en zonas de cultivo y en algunos casos en zonas de viviendas.

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • Wr: riverbank erosion

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Para un defensivo de 100 m de longitud y 3 m de altura se utiliza:
Retroexcavadora 10 hrs.
Cargador frontal 50 hrs.
Volqueta de 12 m3 noventa viajes.
900 m3 de piedra.
80 jornales de mano de obra no calificada.
14 jornales de operador.
Forestación deseable con 67 plantines por cada 100 m de longitud colocado en la parte posterior del defensivo.

Author:

Marco Loma

Date:

23/10/2013

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:

10ha

If using a local area unit, indicate conversion factor to one hectare (e.g. 1 ha = 2.47 acres): 1 ha =:

corresponde a un defensivo de 100 m de longitud y 3 m de altura

Specify currency used for cost calculations:
  • USD
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

20 USD/dia

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Visita al sitio antes de lluvias
2. Identificación y relevamiento de parcelas y datos de caudales, alturas de inundación antes de lluvias
3. Dimensionamiento y cálculos estructurasles. antes de lluvias
4. Replanteo y verificación del suelo antes de lluvias
5. Organización social y provisión de herramientas antes de lluvias
6. Limpieza y desbroce antes de lluvias
7. Excavacion de fundación antes de lluvias
8. Traslado y acomodado de piedras antes de lluvias
9. Forestación. antes de lluvias

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour no calificada dia 80.0 12.0 960.0 100.0
Labour calificada dia 14.0 25.0 350.0
Equipment retroexcavadora hora 60.0 30.0 1800.0
Equipment volqueta m3 1080.0 4.5 4860.0
Construction material piedra m3 900.0 3.0 2700.0 100.0
Other herramientas menores global 1.0 450.0 450.0
Other plantines unidad 67.0 2.0 134.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 11254.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 11254.0
If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

El Proyecto reducción del riesgo de desastres financió la medida, la comunidad contribuyó con la mano de obra.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Comments:

no se require trabajos relevantes de mantenmiento

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Distancia y acceso donde se encuentra el banco de materiales (principalmente las piedras / rocas) que condicionan el tiempo para el transporte

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

320.00

Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Las lluvias mas intensas se producen entre los meses de diciembre - enero y febrero

Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:

Vitichi y Tupiza

Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid

El clima en la zona es sub-humeda con tenedencia a semi-arida.

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
  • not relevant

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

5-50 m

Availability of surface water:

medium

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Yes

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • low
Habitat diversity:
  • low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
  • 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • poor
Individuals or groups:
  • groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
  • animal traction
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Age of land users:
  • middle-aged
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Los usuarios son productores campesinos de la región.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale
Comments:

La totalidad del área pertenece a los usuarios campsinos

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • individual
Water use rights:
  • communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

risk of production failure

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

Entre 40 y 60% de la producción perdida

Quantity after SLM:

Sin pérdida de la producción

Comments/ specify:

estimacion de perdida por los agricultores beneficiarios

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

reduccion de perdida de de la producción 40 a 60%, que es parcialmente para el autoconsumo

Ecological impacts

Climate and disaster risk reduction

flood impacts

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

2 veces al año

Quantity after SLM:

ninguna

Comments/ specify:

La zona protegida no ha sufrido inundaciones desde la implementacion en 2013

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

damage on neighbours' fields

increased
reduced
Specify assessment of off-site impacts (measurements):

No se genera ningún impacto negativo, ya que el rol del muro es de encauzamiento. Se reafirma que la tecnología es apta para la zona.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season increase or decrease How does the Technology cope with it?
seasonal temperature summer increase well
seasonal rainfall summer increase very well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood well
flash flood very well
Comments:

La tecnología es implementada en la zona. Considerando que con el cambio climático los eventos extremos aumentan en frecuencia y impacto causando precipitaciones fuertes y inundaciones, este tecnología se ha demostrado como medida apropriada.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

positive

Comments:

Los beneficios con relación a los costos son positivos. La tecnología puede resistir inundaciones fuertes e inclusive resitir al arrastres de materiales y la erosión lateral.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • single cases/ experimental
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

10 a 20 familias

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%
Comments:

el acceso fisico y financiero para maquinaria externa necesaria (volqueta, retroexcavadora) limite fuertemente la replicación.

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Es una tecnologia que puede durar en el tiempo y proteger parcelas.
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Los defensivos sirven para garantizar las inversiones de los usuarios - que es la produccion agricola- y su capital de base - que son los terrenos; ambos son protegidos por el defensivo.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
Requiere de maquinaria para mover las piedras de gran diámetro y colocarlas unas encima de otras. Negociar con el municipio para el apoyo con maquinaria.
Encontrar material cerca del lugar ya que de estar a distancias mayores los costos se incrementan. Contar con recursos y hacer acuerdos previos con el municipio para contar con la maquinaria para facilitar el transporte.
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Contar con toda la información necesaria para el dimensionamiento detaillado del defensivo no siempre es posible Tratar de buscar fuentes de informacion diversas incluyendo las communidades locales

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys

reunión con usuarios

  • compilation from reports and other existing documentation

Dos reportes relativos a la tecnología utilizada y aplicada

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

05/03/2014

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Tipologia de obras de infraestructura para aumentar la resiliencia en el sector agropecuario. Programa de Reducción del riesgo de desastres Eveline Studer y Marco Loma. 2014

Available from where? Costs?

Sin costo a través de la pagina web: www.rrd.com.bo.

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

Tipologia de obras de infraestructura para aumentar la resiliencia en el sector agropecuario

URL:

http://www.rrd.com.bo/wp-content/uploads/2015/publi_fases/fase_03/14tipologiah1.pdf

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