Grassed waterway (Sergiu Magdil)

Integrated Land and Water Management (摩尔多瓦共和国)

Managementul integrat al solului și al apei

描述

Integrated land and water management was promoted in order to improve agricultural production while reducing soil loss and nutrient discharge into water bodies. Technical assistance and financial support was provided for sustainable agricultural practices, including: nutrient management, conservation agriculture, integrated cropping management, agroforestry and wetland management.

Integrated land and water management was promoted in order to improve agricultural production while reducing soil loss and nutrient discharge into water bodies. Technical assistance and financial support was provided for sustainable agricultural practices, including:

1. Manure Management Practices:
Organic manure was substituted for inorganic fertilizer, and eight commune/village stores were constructed together with 1200 household stores and equipment provided for manure handling and field application. A monitoring database was made available.

2. Promotion of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Practices:
A well-documented pilot was completed and evaluated for replication, and 300 farmers then trained in the application of environment-friendly agricultural practices. The capacity of extension staff significantly improved. A monitoring system to determine the impact of practices on soil quality was installed and data collected.

3. Shrub and Tree Planting:
• 132 hectares of shelterbelts for water protection established; 112 hectares of improved anti-erosion forest belts set up; 50 hectares of improved pasture established; 484 hectares of the existing forests rehabilitated and properly managed; forest monitoring was incorporated into the general monitoring scheme.

4.Wetland Restoration and Promotion of Sustainable Management Practices:
The existing ecosystems were rehabilitated and ecologically well balanced. In this context two dams were built with a sluice gate system for the stabilization of water levels; three concrete bridges with adequate culvert capacity were installed for accessibility to different portions of the wetland; and 10 small wood bridges with culverts were built for access.

5 .Monitoring Soil and Water Quality and Environmental Impacts
Availability of water for downstream users and fisheries was increased, drinking water supplies was improved, there was increased quality and availability of groundwater for human and animal consumption, and simultaneously better productive lands with increased organic matter and carbon sequestration, as well as increased biodiversity.

Key Elements of the Manure Management System:
a. Segregation of inert and recyclable materials from livestock waste through the provision of a separate household waste container.
b. Improved manure stores for storage of waste at a single impermeable store at the household with enough storage for up to one month's production.
c. Transfer of waste from the farm store to a central site, using transport units then unloading it at the commune platform, to aerate the waste, promoting continued bacterial activity.
d. At the commune/village store level, the segregated inert materials deposited in designated bunkers.
e. At the commune/village store level, management of the household manure at the main bunker involving stacking in shaped windrow heaps three metres high.
f. Store the waste deep so that the areas getting wet from rainfall is minimised. Provide impermeable walls and floor to eliminate leaching.
g. Provide storage capacity for over the winter so that matured manure will be available for use on the land.

Key Elements of facilities at the Village Platform are:
a. Concrete area for the management of the manure.
b. Bunkers for the segregated household manure.
c. Collecting channel for runoff from the platform.
d. Storage pits and tanks with impermeable base and walls.
e. Security fencing.
f. Office / Staff facilities and Landscaping. Monitoring wells to check for leakages.

Overall results show that 8,250 farmers from both the project pilot area and other regions of Moldova had adopted at least one environmentally-friendly agricultural practice promoted by the project, and had implemented these on 14,028 ha of land.

地点

地点: Negrea, Lapusna, Carpineni, Minjir communes, Hincesti district; Sarata Razesti commune, Leova district, and Jora de Mijloc, Orhei district, Hincesti and Orhei districts, 摩尔多瓦共和国

分析的技术场所数量: 2-10个场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 28.36446, 46.9753
  • 28.39688, 46.89446
  • 28.35912, 46.82966
  • 28.34058, 46.76762
  • 28.31311, 46.65321
  • 28.25509, 46.61407
  • 28.29543, 46.59662
  • 29.0835, 47.46431

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (approx. > 10,000 平方千米)

实施日期:

介绍类型
Crop rotation (Sergiu Magdil)
Manure Storage Platform (Sergiu Magdil)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用

  • 农田 - 一年一作, 多年一作(非木材), 乔木与灌木的种植
    主要农作物(经济作物及粮食作物): Wheat, corn, sunflower, alfalfa (lucerne), vineyards, orchards, vegetables
  • 水道、水体、湿地 - 排水管道、水道, 沼泽、湿地
    主要产品/服务: The existing ecosystems rehabilitated and ecologically well balanced; dams with a sluice gate system for the stabilization of water levels; concrete bridges with adequate culvert capacity for access to different portions of the wetland; and wooden bridges with culvert capacity for access through the zone constructed
供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

每年的生长季节数: 1
该技术实施前的土地利用: 不适用
牲畜密度: 不适用
土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀 , Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀 , Wm:块体运动/滑坡, Wr:河岸侵蚀, Wo:场外劣化效应
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致), Cp:土壤污染, Cs:盐化/碱化
  • 物理性土壤退化 - Pc:压实, Pk:熟化和结壳, Ps:有机土壤沉降,土壤沉降
  • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少, Bh:栖息地丧失, Bq:数量/生物量减少, Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降, Bl:土壤寿命损失
  • 水质恶化 - Ha:干旱化, Hp:地表水水质下降, Hq:地下水水质下降, Hw:湿地缓冲能力下降
SLM组
  • 森林种植管理
  • 轮作制度(轮作、休耕、轮垦)
  • 农畜综合管理
SLM措施
  • 农艺措施 - A1:植被和土壤覆盖层, A2:有机质/土壤肥力
  • 植物措施 - V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层, V2:草和多年生草本植物, V4:更换或清除外来/入侵物种
  • 管理措施 - M2:改变管理/强度级别, M3:根据自然和人文环境进行布局, M5:物种组成的控制/变化, M6:废物管理(回收、再利用或减少)

技术图纸

技术规范
作者:Ion Raileanu
Schematic structure of village platform: Length - 48 m, Width - 36 m, Height - 3 m, Capacity - 3400 tons, Storage period - 5 months

Schematic structure of household platform: Length - 2.2 m, Height - 1.2 m, Capacity - 4.8 c.m., Storage period - 1 month.

At village level, the project supported the construction of waste storage platforms of 3400 tonnes capacity and a storage period of 5 months. The platform has 48 m length and 36 m width. It is surrounded by a concrete 3 m high wall and bedded by a concrete floor with an impermeable insolating membrane. The platform is equipped with a bunker for inert material and a basin for collection of liquid fraction. The platform is built on the commune land (administrated by the Mayoralty) in full compliance with the environmental protection requirements.
At the household-level 150 platforms were built. The platforms have 2.55 m3 and a storage period of one month. The platform capacity was calculated based on estimated quantity of manure for an average household with at least two cattle, two-three pigs and a certain number of poultry. The designed platform consists of a simple open fronted store with a concrete floor and 1.5 m height walls. In front of the platform, a concrete below ground tank (125 dcm3 volume) covered by a wood lid with a plastic basket inside of 50 liters capacity for collection of liquid fraction would be equipped. A separate small capacity container (about 90 liters) for the collection of recyclable and non-recyclable household wastes was also provided.
作者:Ion Raileanu

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:
  • 成本计算使用的货币:不适用
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 不适用
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:不适用
影响成本的最重要因素
不适用
技术建立活动
  1. Packages developed for manure management at village and household level and evaluated for replication (时间/频率: None)
  2. Public awareness & education (时间/频率: None)
  3. Use of good agricultural practices by farmer associations, family farms and individual farmers on cropland. (时间/频率: None)
  4. Monitoring & evaluation. (时间/频率: None)
技术维护活动
n.a.

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:500.0
气象站名称:Hincesti
Climate is moderately continental: the summers are warm and long, with temperatures averaging about 20°C, and the winters are relatively mild and dry, with January temperatures averaging -4°C. Annual rainfall, which ranges from around 500 millimeters; long dry spells are not unusual. The heaviest rainfall occurs in summer; heavy showers and thunderstorms are common.
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
x
教育

贫瘠
x
技术援助

贫瘠
x
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
x
市场

贫瘠
x
能源

贫瘠
x
道路和交通

贫瘠
x
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
x
金融服务

贫瘠
x

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
x
增加


According to elevator (NGO BIOS), •The SROI (Social Return on Investment) ratio for the period of 2004-2009 was 3,34, or, every $US1 invested by the Project $US 3,34 worth of value (economic, social and/or environmental) was delivered to society.

畜牧生产
降低
x
增加

木材生产
降低
x
增加

非木材林业生产
降低
x
增加

生产故障风险
增加
x
降低

土地管理
妨碍
x
简化

饮用水的质量
降低
x
增加

家畜用水的质量
降低
x
增加

灌溉用水的质量
降低
x
增加

社会文化影响
生态影响
地表径流
增加
x
降低

土壤流失
增加
x
降低

土壤压实
增加
x
减少

养分循环/补给
降低
x
增加

土壤有机物/地下C
降低
x
增加

植被覆盖层
降低
x
增加

植物多样性
降低
x
增加

外来入侵物种
增加
x
减少

栖息地多样性
降低
x
增加

场外影响
下游淤积
增加
x
降低

地下水/河流污染
增加
x
减少

缓冲/过滤能力(按土壤、植被、湿地划分)
减少
x
改良

对邻近农田的破坏
增加
x
减少

对公共/私人基础设施的破坏
增加
x
减少

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

气候变化

-

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 10-50%
  • 大于 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 10-50%
  • 50-90%
  • 90-100%
户数和/或覆盖面积
8,250 farmers from both project pilot area and other regions of Moldova
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • Farmers did not calculate properly expenses and benefits. They should be provided simple instruments to calculate their inputs and to plan for future activity.
  • Agricultural literature is too difficult for rural people to understand. Knowledge should be provided in an accessible manner. Small guides should exist for separate crops with drawings and schemes.
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服

参考文献

编制者
  • Valentin Ciubotaru
Editors
  • Valentin Ciubotaru
  • UNCCD PRAIS
审查者
  • Farrukh Nazarmavloev
  • William Critchley
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
实施日期: Feb. 6, 2017
上次更新: Feb. 16, 2021
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices (Practici agricole prietenoase mediului). Îndrumar: /Ungureanu V., Cerbari V., Magdîl A., Gherman E.- Chişinău: Tipografia Centrală, 2006. – 96 p.: http://www.acsa.md/album.php?l=ro&idc=152&t=/GALERIE-FOTO/Practici-agricole-prietenoase-mediului
链接到网络上可用的相关信息
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International