Diagrammatic illustration of a one tank system where a single tank provides water both to the domestic tap stand and to fill up drip irrigation header tanks. (IDE/Nepal)

A multiple-use water system (尼泊尔)

Bahu uddhasaya Pani prayog pranali (Main contributor: Parmananda Jha, IDE/Nepal)

描述

A multiple-use water system gives a community access to water for domestic use and water for crop irrigation.

Aims / objectives: A multiple-use water system (MUS) is a combined water facility that has proven useful as a means of providing drinking water and water for irrigation for smallholder farmers in the hilly areas of Nepal. Water is collected by gravity from a highland source into a holding tank and is shared by means of distribution lines, domestic tap stands, and irrigation off-take lines. It can also support application of micro-irrigation technologies (MIT) such as drip and micro sprinkler irrigation systems.

Methods: MUS is a community-managed system that caters mainly to smallholder landowners and marginal households in rural hilly areas. When properly implemented, it can help to alleviate poverty and increase food security for poor and marginalized groups. The first priority is to provide drinking water and water for domestic use to the community; any excess water is used for agriculture and irrigation.

Stages of implementation: The following points should be taken into consideration before a community establishes a MUS:
• The source of water should be clear of water-rights issues
• The water should be plentiful and of good quality
• There needs to be a sufficient drop in gradient between the source and the tank if the water is to be collected by gravity. If the drop is not sufficient, users should be prepared to consider lifting the water.
• The distance between the source and the village should be less than 3 km.
• The community should be ready to contribute unskilled labour as part of their contribution to the project.
• The community should be ready to put aside some funds for operational and maintenance costs; these funds can, in part, also be collected in the form of monthly users' fees.
• At least 70% of the water users should be ready to adopt micro-irrigation technologies (MIT) such as drip and sprinkler irrigation.

地点

地点: Kaski, Lamjunj, Tanahun, Dhading, Sangjya, Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, Palpa, Udayapur, Pyuthan, Rolpa, Ruk, 尼泊尔

选定地点的地理参考
  • 不适用

启动日期: 不适用

终止年份: 不适用

方法的类型
Diagrammatic illustration of a two tank system where the source water is first collected into a tank which is dedicated for domestic use and spillover water is collected into for agricultural use ((IDE/Nepal))
Diagrammatic illustration of a one tank system where a single tank provides water both to the domestic tap stand and to fill up drip irrigation header tanks. (IDE/Nepal)

方法目标和有利环境

该方法的主要目的/目标
The Approach focused mainly on other activities than SLM (Collect water from a small-scale source and distribute it both for domestic use and for the production of vegetables and high value crops)

• To provide a regular supply of water for domestic and agricultural use
• To supply water for micro-irrigation technologies such as drip and sprinkler irrigation systems
• To improve health and sanitation
• To help smallholder landowners improve their incomes and livelihoods as well as to adapt to climate change by having access to a regular supply of water so that they can grow crops regardless of changes
• To conserve water by using it more wisely

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The community needs to prioritize how it will partition the water for domestic use and for irrigation.
推动实施本办法所应用技术的条件
  • 法律框架（土地使用权、土地和水使用权）: The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights helped a little the approach implementation: Since this approach uses small spring sources of water, there is usually only a minimum risk of conflict for water use. When the water source is registered with the local authorities, it helps to reduce potential conflicts over water rights between communities.
阻碍实施本办法所应用技术的条件
  • 社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观: Management and operation of system Treatment through the SLM Approach: Strong social mobilization is needed
  • 了解SLM，获得技术支持: Water supply insufficient to meet the demand Treatment through the SLM Approach: Increase the capacity of the storage tank
  • 其他: The community often cannot agree whether to scale up the domestic or the irrigation water supply. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Concerned stakeholders need to confer and agree

相关利益相关者的参与和角色

该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责
该方法涉及哪些利益相关者/执行机构？ 指定利益相关者 说明利益相关者的角色
当地土地使用者/当地社区 This included women, men, dalits, janjati, brahmin, chhetri
SLM专家/农业顾问
教师/学龄儿童/学生
NGO IDE Nepal
国家政府（规划者、决策者）
当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
无
被动
外部支持
互动
自我动员
启动/动机
x
The community comes to a consensus on their water needs. They identify a source that it is within the 3 km limit and investigate the water use rights.
计划
x
Technical aspects are dealt with; these include assessing the source to verify whether it has an adequate supply of water, assessing different schemes (for intake, take off, tap stands, and the like), preparing a design and estimating the cost, and discussing funding.
实施
x
A users' committee is formed and the community provides unskilled labour. Technical assistance is provided by INGOs/NGOs.
监测/评估
x
The work is monitored by the users' committee but monitoring and evaluation of technical aspects are provided by INGOs/NGOs at different times during the project.
Research
x
流程图

Organogram
(Adapted from
(Mikhail and Yoder 2008)

有关SLM技术选择的决策

决策是由......做出的

  • 仅限土地使用者（自主）
  • 主要是土地使用者，由SLM专家提供支持
  • 所有相关参与者，作为参与式方法的一部分
  • 主要是SLM专家，咨询土地使用者之后
  • 仅限SLM专家
  • 政治家和领袖

决策是基于

  • 对充分记录的SLM知识进行评估（基于证据的决策）
  • 研究结果
  • 个人经验和意见（无记录）

技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

以下活动或服务是该方法的一部分
能力建设/培训
向以下利益相关者提供培训
  • 土地使用者
  • 现场工作人员/顾问
  • Community
培训形式
  • 在职
  • 农民对农民
  • 示范区域
  • 公开会议
  • 课程
涵盖的主题

The approach provided training to the community through the users' committee, field staff, and an agricultural advisor. The local skilled body is trained during site visits. For the most part, information is transferred from farmer to farmer. Much of the training is hands-on.

咨询服务
已提供咨询服务
  • 在土地使用者的土地上
  • 在固定中心
An advisory service is provided for the land/water users, but what is given is usually insufficient to help farmers learn new techniques such as micro-irrigation.
机构强化
机构已强化/建立
  • 否
  • 是，少许
  • 是，适度
  • 是，非常
在下述层面上
  • 本地
  • 区域
  • 国家
描述机构、角色和职责、成员等.
支持类型
  • 财务
  • 能力建设/培训
  • 设备
进一步细节
village development committees, local governance and community development programmes (LCGDP), community forest user groups, youth clubs, and women's groups. Village development committees can invest in MUS and micro-irrigation technologies as specified in their guidelines.
监测和评估
bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through measurements; indicators: Project staff and land users routinely monitor the water source and other biophysical aspects to ensure that the approach remains sustainable. technical aspects were regular monitored by land users through observations; indicators: Commercial vegetable or high value crop production, micro irrigation, drinking water and sanitation socio-cultural aspects were ad hoc monitored through observations; indicators: MUS schemes help to improve sanitation and thereby reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases. They also help to improve livelihoods by making more fresh vegetables available both for immediate consumption and for sale. economic / production aspects were monitored through observations; indicators: MUS schemes help to reduce drudgery; the labour saved can be used in the production of vegetables and other high value crops. no. of land users involved aspects were monitored through measurements; indicators: From 10 to 80; on average 28 land users are involved in one MUS scheme management of Approach aspects were monitored through observations; indicators: Participatory approach with collaboration by government organizations, INGOs/NGOs and others to provide routine inspections and technical support There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The approach, as it is now put into practice, is a result of incorporating technological improvements that were originally identified through years of monitoring and evaluation. There were no changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation
研究
研究涉及以下主题
  • 社会学
  • 经济/市场营销
  • 生态学
  • 技术

IDE has researched and implemented this type of MUS concept, system design, and methodology in Nepal since 2003; now other agencies also provide similar systems.

Research was carried out both on station and on-farm

融资和外部物质支持

SLM组成部分的年度预算，以美元计算
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: 不适用
Approach costs were met by the following donors: international non-government: 30.0%; local government (district, county, municipality, village etc): 26.0%; local community / land user(s): 44.0%
已向土地使用者提供以下服务或激励
  • 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援
  • 特定投入的补贴
  • 信用
  • 其它激励或手段
为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援
All MUS systems in Nepal are built by communities or community groups in collaboration with the government and NGOs. The fact that MUS systems provide multiple benefits is seen as a plus point for institutions looking to invest in community projects.

影响分析和结论性陈述

方法的影响
否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大
该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术？

The approach supports sustainable land management because micro- irrigation technologies promote optimal use of water and help to retain nutrients in the soil. Similarly, the production of high value crops and vegetables further increases the fertility of the soil.

x
该方法是否有助于社会和经济弱势群体？

The wellbeing of marginalized and socio-economically disadvantaged groups improves significantly.

x
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

Since the reduction in drudgery and the improvements in livelihoods are so great, many communities would like to implement this approach. INGOs/NGOs can help with the financial and technical aspects of implementation.

x
土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机
方法活动的可持续性
土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施（无外部支持的情况下）？

Since the approach was requested by the community as a whole, they all have a vested interest in seeing that it remains sustainable. When technical support is needed, it can be obtained from the concerned agencies.

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • A reliable water supply for both the domestic and irrigation needs of hill farmers (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The continued involvement of the community, the government, and assisting INGOs/NGOs.)
  • The MUS is a simple gravity system that does not require either sophisticated equipment or training. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue to investigate how it can be simplified even further)
  • A MUS system has a minimum lifespan of ten years and is easy to install even in remote areas. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue to investigate how it can be improved even further)
  • MUS is well suited to the dual purpose use of water for both domestic and agricultural use. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue research and development to see how it can be improved even further.)
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • Installation costs can be a challenge for very poor communities. It can only irrigate small areas (0.1-0.15ha). Installation costs can usually be recovered within 1 year when the irrigation water is used to produce high value crops.
  • The intake and reservoirs need to be inspected regularly. Either devise a means to ensure that inspections are conducted regularly or find a system that requires fewer inspections
  • Reservoir tanks and intake pipes can deteriorate over time and pipes and joints can start to leak. Local skilled labour can be employed to carry out needed repairs. Pipes and fittings should be checked regularly. Routine inspection and maintenance are essential.
  • Costs can be high when imported materials are needed for repair and maintenance. At the outset, some money needs to be set aside for operation and maintenance costs; additional funds should be collected by charging monthly users' fees.

参考文献

编制者
  • Shreedip Sigdel
Editors
审查者
  • Fabian Ottiger
实施日期: Aug. 21, 2015
上次更新: July 9, 2017
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Multiple use water service implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and lessons for scale-up, Mikhail, M; Yoder, R (2008): http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International