Newly established orchard in Sari Joy Village (Mia Jan Maroofi)

Establishment of improved orchards and vineyards (阿富汗)

Bunyodi boghi va boghi anguri behbudyofta

描述

Local and new varieties of fruits are planted on degraded land in accordance with improved management practices. The established orchards and vineyards serve double purpose of soil protection and income generation for the rural households. The alfalfa under the trees supports tree growth and is used for livestock fodder.

Project supported implementation of improved orchards and vineyards has taken place in the villages Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai, located in Chokar watershed of Rustaq District in Northern Afghanistan. The Chokar watershed is a mountainous area situated between 600 - 2,500 m above sea level. The climate is semi-arid with harsh and cold weather in winter and hot and dry summers. The annual precipitation in average years is 580mm. Land degradation affects all forms of land use and includes low vegetation cover, heavy top soil erosion from water, and poor soil fertility. Unsustainable agricultural practices, over-exploitation and high pressure on the natural resources are adversely impacting on the socio-economic well-being of local communities as well as contributing to the risk for being adversely affected by drought as well as landslides and flash foods triggered by heavy rainfall. The data used for the documentation of the technology is based on field research conducted in Chokar watershed, namely in the villages: Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai. These villages represent the upper, the middle and the lower zone of Chokar watershed, respectively. They differ considerably in access to services and infrastructure, but in general are poorly served. The communities depend on land resources for sustaining their livelihoods. In a good year with high yields, wheat-self-sufficiency lasts about 5 months. The three villages are home to ethnic Qarluq communities. Since 2012 the Livelihood Improvement Project Takhar (LIPT) implemented by Terre des hommes (Tdh) Switzerland has initiated a range of NRM interventions.

The rural population in Rustaq district of Afghanistan traditionally grows local varieties of apples, pears and grapes. Mostly it is subsistence farming with a small-scale local marketing. Shortage of irrigation water and lack of specific knowledge about horticultural and viticulture practices, negatively affects fruit yields. Apart of providing diverse fruits for consumption, orchards are also important for providing fodder for the livestock, retaining soil moisture and protecting the soil from erosion.

The local land users interested in the establishment of improved orchards and vineyards were mobilized through the Natural Resources Management Committees (NRMC) in Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai villages. In addition to the local varieties of pears, apples and grapes, new improved varieties were used for orchards and vineyards on 6.5 ha of degraded land. Such orchards were established inside or close to the villages on mountain slopes with gentle (3-5%) and moderate (6 -15%) steepness. Fruit trees are planted on locally identified dark and light soils, which correspond to moderately deep and loamy soil of medium soil fertility. Considering the medium quality of the soil, the first step of tree plantation is application of organic fertilizer. Afterwards, the plot is designed according to 4m x 4 m spacing between the trees. Under such parameters, on 1 jirib (0.2 ha) of land 125 fruit tree (apple or pear) seedlings are planted. The depth of the planting pits is 60 x 50 cm. The planted tree is watered and the lower trunk is covered with lime and water solution. Alfalfa is sown under the trees to serve as a fodder for the livestock. The orchards are irrigated mostly during summer once a week. In areas where there is shortage of irrigation water the trees are rainfed. Other maintenance activities include pest and disease control provided by a trained local specialist.

The new orchards only recently started giving fruits. The actual fruit yields are expected in 2017-2018. Expected higher yields of improved verities of pears, apples and grapes serves as a strong incentive for the local land users and their families to establish and maintain the orchards. Orchards are very demanding, but their reward is very promising in terms of improved harvest and more opportunities to sell the produce. Some land users have successful experience on their plots and already have fruits in their gardens and plan to enlarge their garden and plant more varieties of fruit trees, such as persimmons. Alfalfa which grows under the trees has important production value, particularly during the early years after the establishment phase, when the trees are too young to give fruits.

Female members of the households, which implemented orchards are also involved in establishing and maintaining orchards and vineyards. They take part in planting trees, watering, hay making and protecting the trees from livestock and people. Their contribution, plays an important part for the successful implementation of improved orchards and vineyards in Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai.

地点

地点: Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana, Dashti Mirzai, Takhar Province, Rustaq District, 阿富汗

分析的技术场所数量: 10-100个场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 69.91924, 37.10906

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (approx. < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷))

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 不到10年前(最近)

介绍类型
Young fruit trees in Sari Joy Village (Mia Jan Maroofi)
Orchard established in Chashmakan Village (Bettina Wolfgramm)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 是 - 农林牧业

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 饲料作物 - 苜蓿
    • 多年一作(非木材)
    • 乔木与灌木的种植: 饲料树木(朱缨花属、银合欢、前庭草等), 葡萄, 仁果类(苹果、梨子、柑橘等), 树坚果(巴西坚果、开心果、核桃、杏仁等)
    每年的生长季节数: 1
  • 牧场
  • 森林/林地

供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • 土壤风蚀 - Et:表土流失
  • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少, Bq:数量/生物量减少
  • 水质恶化 - Ha:干旱化
SLM组
  • 农业林学
SLM措施
  • 植物措施 - V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层, V2:草和多年生草本植物
  • 管理措施 - M1:改变土地使用类型

技术图纸

技术规范
Orchards are established on mountain slopes with gentle (3-5%) and moderate (6-10%) steepness. Considering the medium soil fertility, the first step of tree plantation is application of organic fertilizer. Afterwards, the plot is designed according to 4m x 4 m spacing between rows and trees. Under such parameters, on 1 jirib (0.2 ha) of land 125 fruit tree (apple or pear) seedlings are planted. The depth of the planting pits is 60 x 50 cm. The planted tree is watered and the lower trunk is covered with lime and water solution. Alfalfa is sown under the trees for livestock fodder.
Author: Aslam Qadamov; Roziya Kirgizbekova

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:每个技术区域 (尺寸和面积单位:1 ha
  • 成本计算使用的货币:美元
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 67.0
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:5.2-5.3 USD per day
影响成本的最重要因素
Due to the remoteness of the villages where the Technology has been implemented, all the inputs for establishment, such as agricultural equipment, plant material, fertilizers, etc., are purchased in Rustaq town. The expenses for traveling and delivering the inputs affect the establishment costs.
技术建立活动
  1. Selection of the area for orchard (Men) (时间/频率: Fall)
  2. Applicatoin of manure (Men) (时间/频率: Fall/Winter)
  3. Design of tree spacing in the orchard assisted by project staff (Men) (时间/频率: End of winter)
  4. Digging pits for planting (Men/Women) (时间/频率: Spring)
  5. Planting of fruit trees (Men/Women) (时间/频率: Spring)
  6. Sowing of alfalfa under the trees (Men/Women) (时间/频率: Spring)
技术建立的投入和成本 (per 1 ha)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (美元) 每项投入的总成本 (美元) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Application of manure person-day 5.0 5.3 26.5 83.0
Design of tree spacing person-day 5.0 5.3 26.5
Digging pits for planting person-day 15.0 5.3 79.5 83.0
Planting trees, sowing alfalfa and watering person-day 10.0 5.3 53.0 83.0
设备
Meter piece 1.0 2.25 2.25
Rope Meter 500.0 0.07 35.0
Shovel piece 2.0 3.8 7.6
Pick axe piece 1.0 2.25 2.25
植物材料
Seedlings (apple/pear) piece 625.0 0.75 468.75
Alfalfa seeds kg 17.5 0.42 7.35
肥料和杀菌剂
DAP Kg 250.0 0.9 225.0
Urea Kg 250.0 0.45 112.5
Animal manure ton 10.0 60.0 600.0
Pesticide cc 500.0 0.9 450.0
Lime Kg 25.0 1.5 37.5
技术建立所需总成本 2'133.7
技术建立总成本,美元 31.85
技术维护活动
  1. Watering of the trees (Men/Women) (时间/频率: 2 times/month/Summer)
  2. Weeding (Women) (时间/频率: None)
  3. Pruning (Men) (时间/频率: None)
  4. Lime application (Men) (时间/频率: None)
  5. Hay making (Men/Women) (时间/频率: None)
  6. Harvesting fruits (Men/Women) (时间/频率: None)
技术维护的投入和成本 (per 1 ha)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (美元) 每项投入的总成本 (美元) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Irrigation person day 5.0 5.3 26.5 100.0
Weeding person day 5.0 5.3 26.5 100.0
Pruning person day 5.0 5.3 26.5 100.0
Lime application person day 5.0 5.3 26.5 100.0
设备
Scissors for pruning piece 2.0 9.0 18.0
肥料和杀菌剂
Lime Kg 25.0 1.5 37.5 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 161.5
技术维护总成本,美元 2.41

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:580.0
Average annual percipitation for the area was calculated with 580 mm, with minimums in dry years (2000 and 2001) of 270 mm and maximums in wet years (2009/2010) of 830 mm. The absolut maximum rainfall was calculated for 1986 with 1024 mm. The data series covers the time from 1979 to 2014.
气象站名称:Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), http://rda.ucar.edu/pub/cfsr.html
Derived from the publicly available dataset on length of growing period (LGP) (Fischer 2009 / IIASA-FAO). Internet link: http://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/P8Cok4qAP1sTVE59/arcgis/rest/services/Length_of_growing_period/MapServer
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考:
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
增加


The local and new improved varieties of fruit trees planted and managed sustainably give better fruit yields. Enhanced fruit production is also due to proper and timely control of pests and disease.

饲料生产
降低
增加


The grass (alfalfa and sainfoin), which is planted under the fruit trees is used as fodder for livestock.

畜牧生产
降低
增加


Indirect contribution to animal production is achieved through availability of more fodder for the livestock from the grass in the orchards. Animals also feed on the tree leaves in autumn.

木材生产
降低
增加


Production of wood is limited. Fuel wood is made from seasonal pruning of the trees.

非木材林业生产
降低
增加

产品多样性
降低
增加


Multiple varieties of fruit trees are grown, also through grafting techniques.

生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
降低
增加

社会文化影响
食品安全/自给自足
减少
改良


The new practice of establishing orchards and vineyards ensures better yields. New variety of fruits such as apples, pears, almonds and grapes improve the diversity of household's production and consumption. The households have better opportunity to earn more from selling their fresh and dried fruits on the local market.

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
改良


Land users learned new methods of planting trees according to the soil conditions and water availability. They were trained with such skills as grafting, pruning, pest and disease control and were introduced to improved verities of fruit trees.

社会经济弱势群体的情况(性别、年龄、地位、种族等)
恶化
改良


Female headed households are not included. Technology is implemented on private land, therefore people without land are excluded. However, they have they opportunity to earn income as a hired worker for the SLM implementers.

生态影响
地表径流
增加
降低

土壤流失
增加
降低

植被覆盖层
降低
增加


Improved vegetation cover resulting from the tree plantations and the grass.

场外影响
下游洪水(不希望)
增加
减少

下游淤积
增加
降低

缓冲/过滤能力(按土壤、植被、湿地划分)
减少
改良

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
Based on the multi-criteria matrix: During the FGD with SLM implementers, a multi-criteria matrix was elaborated, and different SLM practices were rated. In the frame of this exercise, SLM implementers were asked to jointly discuss and rate short term (1-3 years) and long-term (10 years) returns of the SLM practice. As the SLM technology was only implemented 1-2 years ago, it is too early to compare benefits to maintenance costs. Farmers have little experience so far on the actual benefits of the SLM technology. The ratings are mostly based on expected benefits and not on actual benefits.

气候变化

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
局地暴雨

非常不好
非常好
干旱

非常不好
非常好

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
户数和/或覆盖面积
6.5 ha
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)
  • protection
Some of the land users built a wall around their orchard. The wall made from locally available clay material, protects the trees and the grass from animal and people intrusion.

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • The land users have high expectations about the benefits of the improved practices to grow fruit trees. They see the benefit of growing different types of fruits. Expectations are high about increased fruit yields and increased opportunities to sell more fresh and dried fruits and nuts on the local market. Fruits and nuts sell very well and can generate higher incomes for the households.
  • The ecological benefits of the orchards in protecting the soil from heavy rains is valued by the land users. The villagers mark improved vegetation cover as their villages are becoming greener with the fruit trees and the alfalfa in the orchards.
  • It is appreciated by the land users that they were introduced and provided with new varieties of fruits. They were also trained on planting and maintaining orchards and vineyards in accordance with local conditions and using such techniques as grafting, pruning, mulching, protection from pests and diseases, etc.
  • The orchards not only give fruits, but also are the source of fuel wood, which is made from pruning the trees. Considering that many households keep livestock, the grass under the trees and tree leaves are used to feed the livestock. In return livestock manure is used as organic fertilizer for the trees.
  • Some land users having seen the positive outcome of their work, are interested in enlarging their orchards. Others are ready to support those who want to plant fruit trees by sharing tree saplings or seedlings with them.
  • Women share the expectations of earning more money for their household through growing more fruits and selling them on the local market. In Dashti Mirzai and Jawaz Khana women are particularly excited over their grape, which still need some time to give yields.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Better management practices in growing fruit trees will benefit the land user and the land through strengthening soil resistance to heavy rainfall and prevent erosion. Over the period of few more years the trees and undergrowth grass will significantly enhance infiltration and moisture retention in the soil, which in turn increase the vegetation cover and halt the degradation process.
  • The SLM knowledge obtained through project training is disseminating inside and beyond the villages, along with exchange of seedlings from new varieties of fruit trees. In addition to that, land users are aware of pest and disease control and have access to these services through trained specialist.
  • Households do not have to rely only on wheat and legumes, but are able to diversify their agricultural production even more. The expected opportunity to sell more fruits and nuts has the potential to increase households income. This in turn will enable the family to secure their food supply for longer periods.
  • Female family members' participation is one of the key elements for sustaining orchards and vineyards. Women highly value the importance of their work in orchards and the benefit it provides to their households.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • Lack of irrigation water is a crucial issue, especially in Jawaz Khana, which makes it very difficult for the land users to maintain their orchards. Rehabilitate the Yakhdons. Yakhdon is a local storage method for collecting snow water in winter to be used for drinking and irrigation in spring and summer. One Yakhdon can provide water for up to six months. Several of these Yakhdons are destroyed and their rehabilitation would provide better access to water for Jawaz Khana.
  • The young trees are sensitive to droughts and need to be watered regularly to ensure that they survive.
  • Establishment of orchards requires hard work and sufficient money from the land user to buy seedlings and in some cases to build a wall around the orchard or build an irrigation canal.
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • The establishment of orchards is reported as one of the most labour-intensive SLM practice for both men and women. Working in orchards increases the burden of women in addition to their household chores.
  • Technical knowledge on planting and maintaining fruit trees and grapes is required to ensure tree survival, good productivity and protection from pests and diseases.

参考文献

编制者
  • Bettina Wolfgramm
Editors
  • Roziya Kirgizbekova
审查者
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
实施日期: Oct. 27, 2016
上次更新: March 5, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Guidelines for Focus Group Discussions:
  • Methods section of the Rustaq NRM study:
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International