Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) (Md. Fazlay Arafat)

Assisted Natural Regeneration (孟加拉国)

ANR

描述

Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) is a simple, low-cost forest restoration method that can effectively convert deforested lands to more productive forests.

Medhakachapia National Park (MKNP) is nationally known for protecting the most extensive stands of mature critically endangered Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus) trees in Bangladesh. Other native trees present in MKNP include Telsur Hopea odorata, Boilam Anisoptera scaphula, Gamar Gmelina arborea and Chapalish Artocarpus chaplasha. MKNP is tropical semi-evergreen forest in the low hills of the Fulchari Forest Range and covers 396 hectares. The park is located in Chakaria Upazila, not far from Cox’s Bazar in the southeast part of the country. Originally, the entire park area was densely covered with Garjan forest, but now there are about 9000 mature Garjan trees as many parts have been encroached upon with agriculture. MKNP is bordered by 13 villages where most of the people depend directly or indirectly upon the forest. Encroachment by settlements and agriculture has been associated with illegal tree cutting, hunting, and collection of fuel wood, bamboo and cane and other forest products. These activities are encouraged by sawmills in the vicinity and unemployment. Due to reduced canopy coverage, the forest soils have been exposed degraded. In order to restore forest health, the Bangladesh Forest Department introduced Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) practice. The access for public recreation and education and research is allowed inside national park. However, the collection of fuel woods and non-timber forest product from national park area by the local communities is a common scenario here.
ANR aims to accelerate, rather than replace, natural succession processes by removing or reducing barriers to natural forest regeneration such as competition with weedy species and recurring disturbances (e.g., fuel wood collection, grazing, fire and wood harvesting). Compared to conventional reforestation methods, which involve planting tree seedlings, ANR offers the significant advantage avoiding costs associated with propagating, raising, and planting seedlings. ANR is most effectively utilized at the landscape level in restoring the forest protective functions, such as soil protection, and is most suitable for restoring areas where some level of natural succession is already in progress. ANR offers distinct advantages over other forest restoration methods but also has some limitations. ANR is much cheaper to implement and can be applied over larger areas than other restoration planting approaches, but may be less effective in enhancing floristic diversity at the initial stages. Some of ANR’s disadvantages can be overcome by enrichment planting with desirable species. ANR aims to accelerate, rather than replace natural succession process by removing or reducing barriers to natural forest regeneration.
Soil degradation of MKNP has been greatly reduced through practicing ANR and co-management. In MKNP co-management was established on 2009 engaging local communities. As a part of co-management activities, the Forest Department (FD) formed a Community Patrolling Group (CPG) with 35 members from the local community to protect the Garjan trees and look after the whole forest along with forester officers. Under the support from Climate-Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CREL) project of USAID, the CPG along with FD intensively patrol the forest in rotating groups to ensure that no harm is done to the mature trees and natural seedlings. As a result, sufficient tree regeneration is now taking place and their growth is accelerating. Even where weeds dominate, seedlings of pioneer tree species are often found. The minimum required number of preexisting seedlings to implement ANR depends on the acceptable length of time for the forest to be restored and site-specific conditions that influence the rate of forest recovery. As a general reference, a density range of 200–800 seedlings/ha (>15 cm in height; counting clumps in 1 m2 as one seedling) has been suggested for ANR reforestation, and it has been estimated that at least 700 seedlings/ha are needed during the early treatment period in order to achieve canopy closure within three years. Although the forest restored through ANR in MKNP will have lower commercial value in terms of timber, it will support greater biodiversity and more effectively provide for the subsistence needs of the local people compared to commercial plantations.

地点

地点: Medakacchapia National Park under Cox's Bazar North Forest division, Chittagong division, 孟加拉国

分析的技术场所数量: 2-10个场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 92.07593, 21.63648
  • 92.07468, 21.63786
  • 92.07557, 21.63423
  • 92.07901, 21.63793
  • 92.07825, 21.63505

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (approx. 1-10 平方千米)

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 2014

介绍类型
Uncovering seedlings from grass (Unknown)
Assisted Natural Regeneration in Dipterocarpus forest (Md. Fazlay Arafat)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 否

  • 森林/林地
    • (半天然)天然森林/林地. 管理: 清除枯木/剪枝
    Tree types (混合落叶或常绿): 不适用
    产品和服务: 木材, 薪材, 水果和坚果, 自然保持/保护, 娱乐/旅游, Oil from Dipterocarpus turbinatus
供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀 , Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
  • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少, Bq:数量/生物量减少, Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
SLM组
  • 天然和半天然森林管理
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
SLM措施
  • 植物措施 - V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
  • 管理措施 - M2:改变管理/强度级别

技术图纸

技术规范
Step 1: Marking of Woody Regeneration
Once the target area is identified and its boundaries are demarcated, the site is surveyed to assess its succession status and to locate any natural woody regeneration growing in the weedy vegetation. The located seedlings should be clearly marked with stakes. Decision on the minimum size of seedlings to be protected and released depends on the density and distribution of seedlings in the area, as well as budget and time constraints. However, the seedlings should be large enough to have a reasonable chance of survival.
Step 2: Liberation and Tending of Woody Regeneration
The next step is to accelerate the growth of the marked seedlings by reducing competition from the weedy species for water, nutrients, and light. The initial weeding and climber cutting should be implemented at the onset of the rainy season so that the liberated seedlings will have the full growing season of accelerated growth. All competing vegetation such as weeds and climbers within at least 0.5 m radius around the stem of the marked seedlings are removed. In some cases, clumps of woody seedlings may need to be thinned in order to liberate the largest individuals or the more desirable species.
Step 3: Protection from Disturbance.
Protecting against fire and other forms of disturbance is the most important ANR activity. Establishing firebreaks around blocks of ANR-treated sites is important, if the area is prone to fire. If animal grazing is prevalent in the area, fencing should be established, or patrols/guards should be assigned to protect the site from such activity. Long-term community involvement and support is critical in preventing the re-occurrence of disturbance events that will set back succession to the before-treatment state.
Step 4: Maintenance and Enrichment Planting.
It is suggested that the maintenance of weeding, and liberation of any additional seedlings that establish or that are newly found, should be conducted three times in first two years and two times in next two years. In the fifth year one climber cutting should be conducted in rainy season. The frequency of maintenance operations can be adjusted according to field observation and monitoring data on the growth of the liberated seedlings and the density of natural woody regeneration. Enrichment planting can also be carried out to accelerate canopy closure, add useful tree species, and increase floral diversity. Even after the restoration of canopy cover, large-seeded primary forest trees and rare species are unlikely to colonize naturally. If restoring some of the floral diversity of the original forest is one of the restoration objectives, species or functional groups of trees lacking in natural regeneration will need to be planted either at the initial treatment stage or after canopy closure depending on the ecological requirements of the species.
Author: Nazrin Sultana

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:每个技术区域 (尺寸和面积单位:1 hectare;换算为1公顷的换算系数:1 公顷 = 1 ha = 2.47 acres
  • 成本计算使用的货币:BDT
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 84.0 BDT
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:500 BDT
影响成本的最重要因素
The most important factor affecting the costs is labor
技术建立活动
  1. Site preparation (Boundary demarcation, site map preparation with GPS, marking of woody regeneration) (时间/频率: May-June)
  2. Care and maintenance of natural regeneration (liberation and tending of woody regeneration, protection from disturbance) (时间/频率: June-July)
技术建立的投入和成本 (per 1 hectare)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (BDT) 每项投入的总成本 (BDT) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Survey for map preparation and marking of woody regeneration person-days 1.0 500.0 500.0
Tying up seedlings and young trees person-days 4.0 500.0 2000.0
Tending of woody regeneration person-days 10.0 500.0 5000.0
Application of fertilizers person-days 4.0 500.0 2000.0
设备
Weeding equipment (manual weeding tool) lump sum 1.0 1000.0 1000.0
Bamboo sticks for tying up seedlings pieces 800.0 2.0 1600.0
Rope lump sum 1.0 1000.0 1000.0
肥料和杀菌剂
Compost fertilizer Kg 625.0 4.0 2500.0
施工材料
Rod, Cement, Sand, Khoa, etc for RCC signboard Lump sum 1.0 1000.0 1000.0
技术建立所需总成本 16'600.0
技术建立总成本,美元 197.62
技术维护活动
  1. 1st year weeding (时间/频率: 3 times)
  2. 2nd year weeding (时间/频率: 3 times)
  3. 3rd year weeding (时间/频率: 2 times)
  4. 4th year weeding (时间/频率: 2 times)
  5. 5th year climber cutting (时间/频率: 1 time)
技术维护的投入和成本 (per 1 hectare)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (BDT) 每项投入的总成本 (BDT) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
1st year weeding person-days 15.0 500.0 7500.0
2nd year weeding person-days 15.0 500.0 7500.0
3rd year weeding person-days 10.0 500.0 5000.0
4th year weeding and 5th year climber cutting person-days 15.0 500.0 7500.0 100.0
设备
Weeding equipment (manual weeding tools) lump sum 1.0 1000.0 1000.0
技术维护所需总成本 28'500.0
技术维护总成本,美元 339.29

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:3770.0
The driest month is December. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in June.
Mean annual temperature is 25.6 °C
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考: 地表水
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
x
教育

贫瘠
x
技术援助

贫瘠
x
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
x
市场

贫瘠
x
能源

贫瘠
x
道路和交通

贫瘠
x
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
x
金融服务

贫瘠
x

影响

社会经济影响
木材生产
降低
x
增加


ANR support the growth of woody vegetation and regular monitoring of ANR also provide security to the mature trees of the stand

森林/林地质量
降低
x
增加

非木材林业生产
降低
x
增加

生产故障风险
增加
x
降低

生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
降低
x
增加


Through ANR the fellow and degraded forest land now bring under productive forest

土地管理
妨碍
x
简化


ANR is a comparatively easy method than clear felling with artificial regeneration, mixed plantation or enrichment plantation to manage forest area

收入来源的多样性
降低
x
增加


The local communities can collect NTFP from the ANR site. Due to the increase of vegetation and presence of wildlife in MKNP, the area also attract tourists. The CPG people also worked as tourist guide

社会文化影响
文化机会(如精神、审美以及其他)
减少
x
改良


aesthetic beauty of forest improved

娱乐机会
减少
x
改良


eco-tourism increased

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
x
改良

社会经济弱势群体的情况(性别、年龄、地位、种族等)
恶化
x
改良


Poor people working in Community Patrolling Group (CPG) taking care of ANR with forest department. Social status of these poor people improved.

生态影响
地表径流
增加
x
降低

地下水位/含水层
下降
x
补水

蒸发
增加
x
降低


Due to increased canopy coverage evaporation decreased

土壤水分
降低
x
增加

土壤覆盖层
减少
x
改良

土壤流失
增加
x
降低

养分循环/补给
降低
x
增加

土壤有机物/地下C
降低
x
增加

植被覆盖层
降低
x
增加

生物量/地上C
降低
x
增加

植物多样性
降低
x
增加

外来入侵物种
增加
x
减少


Through ANR only native plant species promoted to grow here

动物多样性
降低
x
增加


Animal diversity increased as the habitat improved

有益物种(捕食者、蚯蚓、传粉者)
降低
x
增加

栖息地多样性
降低
x
增加


habitat diversity increased with the canopy coverage and tree density improvement

滑坡/泥石流
增加
x
降低

碳和温室气体的排放
增加
x
降低

场外影响
旱季稳定可靠的水流(包括低流量)
减少
x
增加


Due to the presence of vegetation on slope the stream flow become stable

下游淤积
增加
x
降低

温室气体的影响
增加
x
减少

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

气候变化

渐变气候
年温度 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
季节性温度 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
季节: 夏季
年降雨量 减少

非常不好
x
非常好
季雨量 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
季节: 湿季/雨季
气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
滑坡

非常不好
x
非常好

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • It is a low cost intervention to regain the protective roles of the forest.
  • Community Patrolling Group (CPG) are involved in maintenance of ANR forest through co-management of natural resources. Regular patrolling activity reduces the disturbance in forest and help to prevent land degradation.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Biodiversity conservation and wildlife habitat restoration are accelerated through ANR.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • ANR is less effective in enhancing floral diversity than techniques e.g. mixed plantation, enrichment plantation, selection cum improvement etc. It promotes the existing regeneration and significant portion of regeneration comes from the dominant trees of the stand. Enrichment plantations with ANR can increase the floral diversity.
  • The forest restored through ANR may have less commercial value in terms of timber compared to commercial plantation. This weakness of ANR is only valid for the forest which is managed for production purpose. Desirable timber species can be planted as enrichment with ANR.
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • ANR is suitable for areas where some level of natural succession is in progress. This, because sufficient tree regeneration must be present on the targeted site so their growth can be accelerate through ANR. Plantation activity with other restoration method should be practiced where natural succession is low or absent.

参考文献

编制者
  • Fazlay Arafat
Editors
审查者
  • Nicole Harari
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
  • Ursula Gaemperli
实施日期: Feb. 18, 2019
上次更新: April 22, 2020
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Shono, K., E. A. Cadaweng & P. B. Durst (2007) Application of assisted natural regeneration to restore degraded tropical forestlands. Restoration Ecology, 15, 620-626.: http://www.fao.org/forestry/19102-0bf30dd3d800687636a5ddc85e409044a.pdf
链接到网络上可用的相关信息
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International