-

Dug-out sunken pond cum countour bund (印度)

Buda Gata with Adibandha

描述

It can be defined as combination of structural & vegetative measures where contour bunds are constructed from the excavated sandy loam soil of cultivated wastelands in semi-arid climatic(?) zone with moderate slope in medium soil depth conditions in order to link with self-subsistance & market oriented production systems from private lands.

The area is located at the foot-slopes & hill slopes area where run-off is at peaks very often at the time of rainy season. Therefore, sand casting came as a first order priorities by the farmers of this patch. At the outset, a livelihood focused micro-plan had been prepared by the villagers stating the details of the base-line data along with problems & alternative solutions. The patch was identified to be the worst affected, concentraton of poor people (defined by villagers), people of this patch ready to contibute at least 20% of the cost. In the mean time project sent the PIA to BAIF, Bangalore to study the linking of farm ponds & its relevance in this context of our situation. As a demonstration, PIA & other technical team facilitated the villagers. One water harvesting structure was constructed by line deptt of soil conservation just at the down hills to harvest rain water & protect the lands below from sand casting. But there were no alternatives for the land users of that patch about the optimum utilisation recharged water. The surrounding area was totally unbunded with sandy loam soil. Therefore, land users are of opinion to go fo field bunding. Earlier the practice was to dig a trench at upper gadient & put a bund below it out of the excavated soil from trench. But the requirement of land users was to get some water in each farmers land to protect the Kharif & some early rabi crop.(june-dec). By which the lands where, farmers take up only minor millets for their subsistance, that too less production & land So the main purpose of this technology was to convert the land into bunded lands along with to fetch some water at the time of dry spell in between the monsoon period. A four days in field training was conducted by the project to community link workers(SWC), particularly on patch treatment, use of levelling instruments like A-frame, proper planning, design, lay-out of different type of structure in a map & ground. After many rounds of discussion with the land users, one of them ( rich farmers with more land) was ready to do it in his own land. But, the SWC specialist did a detail transact along with land users, although results of first round tansact was mentioned in the micro-plan. The main pupose was to looking at problems & demarkating on the map. After that estimate was prepared & lay-out of key contour was done by SWC specialist with the help of community link workers & land users. The work was implemented by by the labourers with the supervision of the respective User's group leade & monitoring was done by the SWC specialist. The prioty ranking by the land users vegetaive measures like vertiver & Sabai (grass plantation on the bund along the side of the bund. For that, the necessary requirement like nursery, seedling collection was done by agriculture specialist. Training was conducted on the probable alternatives of agronomic measures like taking of crop which is of little longer duration, intercrops & cash crops etc. The vegetaive & structructural measures are subsidised by the project & the agronomic measures was taken up on loan basis. The development fund was also generated out of contribution from the land users which was deposited in a separate account for future maintainance cost.

地点

地点: Khaparakhol, Orissa, 印度

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考
  • 83.8132, 21.0511

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (0.7 km²)

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 不到10年前(最近)

介绍类型
-
COTTON

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 是 - 农林牧业

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 谷类 - 小米, 谷类 - 水稻(旱地), 纤维作物 - 棉花, 油料作物 - 花生, rice
    • 乔木与灌木的种植: 芒果、山竹果、番石榴, 仁果类(苹果、梨子、柑橘等)
    每年的生长季节数: 2
  • 牧场

供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀 , Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀 , Wm:块体运动/滑坡, Wo:场外劣化效应
SLM组
  • 横坡措施
  • 集水
SLM措施
  • 植物措施 -
  • 结构措施 -

技术图纸

技术规范

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:
  • 成本计算使用的货币:Rupee
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 50.0 Rupee
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:不适用
影响成本的最重要因素
Soil depth is very less, hard soil with slope variation because of undulating lands. The labour was also not sufficiently available at the time of establishment, because the work was implemented at time of main growing season. At that time land users are busy in their own field because of cultivation work.
技术建立活动
  1. Survey & alignment of key Contour & lay-out of tanks (时间/频率: Beginning of rainy season)
  2. Digging of pits for grass, fruit plants & timber (时间/频率: June)
  3. Collection of Vertiver & Sabai grass from external source (时间/频率: july)
  4. Collection of seedling of Trees/Plants (时间/频率: July)
  5. Survey & contour demarkation (时间/频率: April-May)
  6. Demarkation on map (时间/频率: April-May)
  7. Estimate & lay-Out (时间/频率: April-May)
  8. Implementation of work (时间/频率: June)
  9. Survey & Key Contour line demarkation at 75 ft interval (时间/频率: June)
  10. Digging of Sunken ponds (时间/频率: July)
  11. Top level dressing of bund (时间/频率: July)
  12. Water-way with connection Dug-out sunken ponds (时间/频率: August)
技术建立的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (Rupee) 每项投入的总成本 (Rupee) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Labour ha 1.0 90.0 90.0 20.0
设备
Animal traction ha 1.0 5.0 5.0 20.0
植物材料
Seedlings ha 1.0 25.0 25.0
技术建立所需总成本 120.0
技术建立总成本,美元 2.4
技术维护活动
  1. Ploughing (时间/频率: April-May / annual)
  2. Intercultural operation with manure application (时间/频率: June / annual)
  3. Sowing (时间/频率: July & sep for two crops / each cropping season)
  4. weeding & intercultural operation, if required. (时间/频率: July / annual)
  5. Harvesting of paddy or minor millets or ground nut (时间/频率: Aug-sep / annual)
  6. Sowing of pulses as relay crop (时间/频率: Aug-sep / each cropping season)
  7. Harvesting of pulses (时间/频率: Nov-Dec / each cropping season)
  8. Collapsing of bunds may damage th evegetation (时间/频率: Rainy Season /annual)
  9. Checking against free grazing (时间/频率: Jan-June /)
  10. Watering to plants (时间/频率: Dec-May /annual)
  11. Management of surplus water (时间/频率: Rainy Season/Once in Year)
  12. Collapsing of bund (时间/频率: None)
  13. Tanks must be desilted (时间/频率: Dry season/Once in Year)
  14. Control of surplus water-flow (时间/频率: Rainy season / once a year)
  15. Stabilisation of bund at weak points (时间/频率: August / once a year)
  16. Desiltation of ponds (时间/频率: None)
技术维护的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (Rupee) 每项投入的总成本 (Rupee) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Labour ha 1.0 4.0 4.0 100.0
植物材料
Seedlings ha 1.0 3.0 3.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 7.0
技术维护总成本,美元 0.14

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
1000-1500 mm: Ranked 1, Avg rainfall from liz kiff report. The study of 20 years of rainfall data shows that, drought comes in every alternative 3 years. The rainfall varies from a minimum of 715.6 mm to maximum of 1863 mm
500-750 mm: Ranked 2
1500-2000 mm: Ranked 3
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
增加


Per hac production/economic cost.

饲料生产
降低
增加


Vertiver as fodder on bund.

饲料质量
降低
增加


Vertiver as fodder on bund.

木材生产
降低
增加


Teak plants has been planted this year. The yeild is yet to come.

生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
降低
增加


Land users believe that some land is wastage due the structure.

土地管理
妨碍
简化


Ploughing operation.

农业收入
降低
增加


Resource rich & resource poor land users accrued double benefit by changing the crop.

收入来源的多样性
降低
增加


Farm employment at lean period. Income through labour

Field Demonstration- living institution
decreased
increased


Alternatives to mitigate drought.

社会文化影响
社区机构
削弱
加强


Contribution labour from land users because of convincing benefit from the technology. The women also contributed in plantation activities.

国家机构
削弱
加强


Members from other areas of district also learnt the technology through exposure visit.

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
改良


Some of the land users of other patch of the village decided to take up similar activity.

社会经济弱势群体的情况(性别、年龄、地位、种族等)
恶化
改良


Land users having land below 1 hac are getting more benefit out this technology.

生态影响
地表径流
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: 50
SLM之后的数量: 10

多余水的排放
减少
改良


Earthen hume pipes.

土壤水分
降低
增加


This condition help the land users to take up second crop.

土壤覆盖层
减少
改良


Particularly top-soil.

土壤流失
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: 30
SLM之后的数量: 20

植物多样性
降低
增加

动物多样性
降低
增加

栖息地多样性
降低
增加

Soil fertility
decreased
increased


Production/ Economic benefit becomes double.

Water availability in dry spell
decreased
increased

场外影响
旱季稳定可靠的水流(包括低流量)
减少
增加

下游洪水(不希望)
增加
减少

下游淤积
增加
降低

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

气候变化

-

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
户数和/或覆盖面积
19
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • Maintainance is very less

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Only timely care is needed.
  • Land users can have water in their field other than rain water to be used for different purpose.

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Some demos agriculture was done in this patch which has to be repeated for the second year for confidence building of the land users.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Water availability in the dry spell

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? If the land users will desilt the pond timely & care to plants grass on the bund.
  • The land where only one crop is possible, vegetable & pulse crop can be taken up as second crop

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Some methodology is to be applied to keep water in the pond for longer duration.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • Ploughing operation will be difficult. This is although difficult but th benefit is more, therefore land users will compromise with this type of difficulty.
  • Water availability in dry period & desiltaion process. This can be overcomed by planting vertiver on the sides of the pond & low cost polythene can be used for prolonging percolation rate of water in sandy loam soil.
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • The farmers started taking up cotton & paddy in stead of minor millets Improved variety of minor millets is supplied to farmers for better yield in comparison to country variety.
  • Diversion of surplus water The land users have to dig atleast one more feet & earthen pipes will be used for the diversion of surplus water.

参考文献

编制者
  • Unknown User
Editors
审查者
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Alexandra Gavilano
实施日期: June 3, 2011
上次更新: April 4, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International