Agroforestry: intercropping (maize with beans) with cassava (white arrow) and some Grevillea and Bananas trees (red arrows). (D'Aietti Laura)

Agroforestry system (intercropping beans/maize) with contour ditches, strips of Napier grass, manure and organic fertilizers. (肯尼亚)

描述

The technology is a combination of agricultural (e.g. intercropping, manure/compost/mulching), vegetative (e.g. Napier grass strips, trees planting) and structural (e.g. ditches) measures which aim to maximise the overall land yield in a sustainable manner (e.g. reducing soil erosion and increasing soil quality).

The Agroforestry system combines trees plantation (Bananas, Grevillea and Avocados) for fruits and timber collection with cereal crop, maize (Zea mays). Indeed, in order to increase yields, strip intercropping is practiced: cereal crop (maize) is grown in association with pulse (food legumes): beans. Instead of using expensive commercial fertilizers, beans could facilitate maize growth due to the possible transfer of N during growth or after incorporation of the legume biomass, during the growth period of the cereal (Sangakkara et al., 2003). Furthermore, soil quality (e.g. soil structure) is improved because of the increased amount of humus and organic matter and a better soil cover helps in preventing splash erosion and increase soil moisture content and therefore fertility. Indeed, beans have a beneficial impact for weed control (probably due to the shadow effects) and soil moisture content (Worfswinkel, undated; Odhiambo and Ariga, 2001). Planting different crops helps to diversify production and family food supply. Concerning SWC, hillside ditches have been created at the top of each 'terrace' and trees are also planted nearby and Cassava (a drought resistant plant) at the bottom. Manure/compost and organic fertilizers are supplied regularly both on maize/grass (twice a year) and Bananas (once), as good soil management practice. A higher level of organic matter in the soil indicates reduced bulk density, improved soil structure, aeration and higher water holding capacity (Olabode et al., 2007), which altogether improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Haering and Evanylo, 2005). Bananas are planted in lines in the upper part of the land. The ditches, large 1m are excavated along the contour; they break slope into shorter segments 11 m long to intercept surface runoff. Ditches also help to prevent soil erosion and to avoid that nutrients and organic matter flow easily downwards into the river, instead they fall into the ditch. A live barrier of Napier grass is present above and below the edge of the five ditches, in two lines, to capture sediments and stabilize the structure, thus it is adequately protected. To conclude, a small area of the land is used to plant Napier grass only for fodder for grazing

Purpose of the Technology: Maize and beans are cultivated for home consumption while Avocados and Bananas are planted for economic (commercial) purposes. Fruits are sold out to the middle-men directly from the house (not at the market), to reduce costs (e.g. transport) and time. Avocados are sold at about 2.5/3 Ksh and Bananas at 200 Ksh. Grevillea trees are considered as saving, and sold out for timber production when the farmer is in need of cash, earning between 800 up to 1500 Ksh, depending on the size-lenght of the tree and the costs for cutting-transportation (e.g. machine operator). In general the selling of timber occurs per feet (running feet). ‘Whole” or standing tree is the preferred mode of selling trees from farms. Negotiation on sales is per tree ‘standing on farm’, with no processing or conversion. Buyers cut and cross cut, and carry timber from farms. Branches and slabs resulting from timber recoveries are left with the farmer depending on price negotiation; if the buyer carries these products then the price of the tree is adjusted upwards (Carsan and Holding , 2006; Holding et al., undated). Furthermore, the farmer underlined how 'bad prunings' at the top of the trees cause holes inside the trunks and thus a higher risk of fungi attacks and other diseases. The majority of the trees are planted along the boundaries of the land, for demarcation and only few are 'dispersed' on the cropland, to avoid excess of shadow to the cereal crop

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: High initial input to construct ditches and planting crop; manure also requires regular work: feeding cows and collect droppings and distribute them twice during the year, also over Napier grass. Dry planting is the preferred practice and the seeds are soaked the night before planting; this practice is advisable especially when the growing period is very short (Schmidt et al., 1983); organic fertilizers are applied over maize after 1 week and during the growing period (after about 18 days). Further maintenance is necessary after every rainy season to remove the sediments accumulated into the ditch and for pruning Grevillea, every three seasons. As mentioned above, pruning requires skills and knowledge to avoid plant diseases and labour is expensive because it is high risk work. The farmer trees plantation account for: 15 Avocados (from 4 seedlings), 100 Bananas (from cutting new suckers) and 50 Grevillea trees

Natural / human environment: The area is characterized by rolling-hilly slope and highly exposed to erosion and land degradation: planting trees protect the soil from nutrients leaching and create a litter which reduces evaporation during dry seasons. Concerning the variety of the trees, (e.g. Avocado) the farmer by grafting with better quality branches, improve the quality of the stock trees with certified variesties: out of 4 seedlings of Avocado (10 Ksh each), he has now 15 seedlings of the better (certified) variety called HASS, which performs well at 800-2100 m asl with well distributed annual rainfall of 1000-1200 mm (Youth Agro-environmental initiative website)

地点

地点: Muthithi location, Kagurumo sublocation, Central, 肯尼亚

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考
  • 37.09455, 0.85453

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (0.008 km²)

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 不到10年前(最近)

介绍类型
Legume interplanting: Maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). On the background: Bananas and Grevillea trees. On the right, it is possible to note a portion of the Napier grass strip (red arrow). (Laura D'Aietti (QT6: 2.1.3 (and QT22: 2.5.3)))
Legume intercropping: Maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris); Living fences: on farm boundaries: Euphorbia tirucalli (Kariaria, milk bush) has been planted; Napier grass. (Laura D'Aietti (QT6: 2.1.3 Fig. 2a, b (and QT19: 2.5.2)))

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 是 - 农林牧业

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 谷物类 - 玉米, 饲料作物 - 草, 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子
    • 多年一作(非木材): 香蕉/芭蕉/蕉麻
    • 乔木与灌木的种植: 鳄梨
    每年的生长季节数: 2
    采用间作制度了吗?: 是
  • 牧场
    • 收割和携带/零放牧
  • 森林/林地
    • 植树造林
    Tree types: 银桦
    产品和服务: 木材, 水果和坚果
供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
  • 水质恶化 - Hp:地表水水质下降
SLM组
  • 不适用
SLM措施
  • 农艺措施 - A1:植被和土壤覆盖层, A2:有机质/土壤肥力, A3:土壤表面处理
  • 植物措施 - V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层, V2:草和多年生草本植物
  • 结构措施 - S4:平沟、坑

技术图纸

技术规范
Agroforestry system, which covers an area of 2 acre. The plot is bordered by Euphorbia tirucalli (Kariaria, milk bush) and Grevillea trees. The ditches are characterized by barriers of Napier grass. Intercropping of maize and beans: the distance from one line of maize and the other is of 1m.

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, increase of biomass (quantity)

Mulching
Material/ species: Organic residues around Banana trees
Quantity/ density: undefined

Legume inter-planting
Quantity/ density: 4 kg

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Leftovers and manure from two cows
Quantity/ density: 8 tonnes
Remarks: (for 1 year). The mix of organic material is left decomposed in a big hole.

Agronomic measure: organic fertilizers
Material/ species: Acid humic and N, P, K, microelements (Biodeposit Elixir: small bags (sachets) of 12 ml)
Remarks: 5 bags (1×12 litre), applied only on maize

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 100 a strip
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): few cm
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.25
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Trees/ shrubs species: Grevillea (Grevillea robusta)

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Avocados (Persea americana- Mũkorobia), Bananas (Musa sapientum- Irigũ)

Grass species: Pennisetum pyramidalis (Napier grass or elephant grass)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 15%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 5-8%

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Spacing between structures (m): 1
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 40/50
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6/1

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5-8%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 15-20%
Author: D'Aietti Laura

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:
  • 成本计算使用的货币:Kenyan Schellings
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 85.9 Kenyan Schellings
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:2.00
影响成本的最重要因素
The main environmental constrain is water, in particular during dry season; An important cost is labour required to maintain all the SWC measures.
技术建立活动
  1. Digging holes (1 feet ×1 feet) and planting trees (e.g. Grevillea trees along the boundaries and in line below the bunds of the ditches) (时间/频率: March (before rains), 1 year)
  2. Establishment of the ditches(digging ditch and creating soil bunds donward) and terracing. For 1 (in tot. are 5) : 2 p.d. * 1 day at 200 Ksh a day each. (时间/频率: 2 times per year)
  3. Digging the hole (3m×3m×1.5m) where to compost (时间/频率: None)
  4. Machine to grill/mill maize leftovers (chap cutter) (时间/频率: None)
  5. Purchase 2 cows (时间/频率: None)
  6. Purchase generator (时间/频率: None)
技术建立的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (Kenyan Schellings) 每项投入的总成本 (Kenyan Schellings) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Digging the hole (3m×3m×1.5m) where to compost person/days 2.0 3.5 7.0 100.0
Digging holes (1 feet ×1 feet) and planting trees person/days 2.0 3.5 7.0 100.0
Establishment of the ditches (digging ditch and creating soil bunds donward) and terracing person/days 10.0 23.3 233.0 100.0
设备
Machine to grill/mill maize leftovers (chap cutter) piece 1.0 1164.0 1164.0 100.0
Generator piece 1.0 582.0 582.0 100.0
Cow piece 2.0 349.0 698.0 100.0
植物材料
Seedlings Grevillea pieces 54.0 0.1111 6.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 2'697.0
技术建立总成本,美元 31.4
技术维护活动
  1. Prepare and apply fertilizers (organic) (See Annex 3, Fig. 9&comments) (时间/频率: Ferlizer application: after 1 week and 18 days, on maize only)
  2. Prepare manure+compost/mulch (Summary 2.1.2 QT4): Labour (to grill/mill leftovers - 300 Ksh for fuel- leftovers to prepare food for cows-3 person days) rest, the farmer by himself feed cows on daily basis (3 times in a day). Fuel: 1litre×1 day (×3 days) (时间/频率: compost/manure: 2 times/year in the field+grass; once on Bananas (where also added mulch))
  3. Harvesting maize/beans (around Feb/March and Ag/Sept) (时间/频率: 2 times)
  4. Apply manure, mulch and compost (during March/April-long rains+Sept) just before the rains, when nutrients infiltrate into the soil with rainwater) (Summary 2.1.2 QT4) (时间/频率: Compost/manure: 2 times/year in the field+grass; once on Bananas (where also added mulch))
  5. Tilling-soil (digging holes to plant maize/beans: 7 inches deep (17cm), spaced 1 feet (0.30 m) in contours: dry planting (before rains starts) (时间/频率: Twice a year, before rainy season (around March/Sept))
  6. Digging planting holes and planting grass (2 persons × 3 days: 200 Ksh) (时间/频率: Every season (March/April and Sept/Oct))
  7. Maintenance (weed control and cutting Napier grass and collecting fodder) (Fig. 11 Annex 3) (时间/频率: Every season (March/Sept); cutting Napier: 3/4 times in a season)
  8. Pruning branches and let them dry for firewood (时间/频率: Every 3 seasons (and when shortage of firewood))
  9. Clearing the tree for selling timber (the price depends also of the use of the chainsaw (or saw) or not (时间/频率: When in need of cash (not regularly), not less than 5 years after planting)
  10. Repairing the ditches and remove excess of soil/leaves accumulated during the rainy season (时间/频率: After rains (every season))
技术维护的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (Kenyan Schellings) 每项投入的总成本 (Kenyan Schellings) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Prepare and apply fertilizers (organic) person/days 2.0 2.0 4.0 100.0
Prepare manure+compost/mulch person/days 3.0 2.0 6.0 100.0
Digging planting holes and planting grass person/days 6.0 2.0 12.0 100.0
Maintenance (weed control and cutting Napier grass and collecting fodder) person/days 5.0 12.0 60.0 100.0
设备
Fuel l 3.0 1.0 3.0 100.0
植物材料
Seedlings grass (per ha) pieces 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂
Organic fertilizer (Biodeposit Elixir) from Thika ml 12.0 1.0 12.0 100.0
其它
Labour: Pruning branches and let them dry for firewood person/days 1.0 4.0 4.0 100.0
Labour: Clearing the tree for selling timber person/days 1.0 7.0 7.0 100.0
Labour: Repairing the ditches and remove excess of soil/leaves accumulated during the rainy season person/days 2.0 2.0 4.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 112.0
技术维护总成本,美元 1.3

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
Thermal climate class: subtropics. June, July and August
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考:
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
x
教育

贫瘠
x
技术援助

贫瘠
x
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
x
市场

贫瘠
x
能源

贫瘠
x
道路和交通

贫瘠
x
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
x
金融服务

贫瘠
x

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
x
增加

木材生产
降低
x
增加

农业投入费用
增加
x
降低

农业收入
降低
x
增加

社会文化影响
社会经济弱势群体的情况(性别、年龄、地位、种族等)
恶化
x
改良

生态影响
地表径流
增加
x
降低

蒸发
增加
x
降低

土壤水分
降低
x
增加

土壤覆盖层
减少
x
改良

土壤流失
增加
x
降低

生物量/地上C
降低
x
增加

场外影响
水的可用性(地下水、泉水)
降低
x
增加

缓冲/过滤能力(按土壤、植被、湿地划分)
减少
x
改良

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

气候变化

渐变气候
年温度 增加

非常不好
非常好
答案:未知
气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
局地暴雨

非常不好
x
非常好
局地风暴

非常不好
x
非常好
干旱

非常不好
x
非常好
比较和缓的(河道)洪水

非常不好
x
非常好
其他气候相关的后果
缩短生长期

非常不好
非常好
答案:未知

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • Better yields thanks to the intercropping measures taken.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Intercropping is a commonly known practice which improves the overall conditions of the soil and provide better yields.

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Besides 'companion planting' there are plants which can be grown as forerunner plants (Storey, 2002). Depending also on the type of soil, attention could be given to some sps. which accumulate concentration of e.g. mineral accumulators, phosporus, potassium, calcium, silica and sulphur .
    Another way to perhaps enhance the yields is relay intercropping. It is undersowing the next crop into the present crop, so that the present crop is a nurse crop and time and water is saved in the establishment of the following crop (Storey, 2002)
    Green manure as a way to add organic nutrients and combine more than one green manure and rotate, both legume (e.g. cowpeas, soybeans, annual sweet clover, vetch, sesbania, and velvet beans ) and not legume (e.g. sudangrass, millet, sorghum, and buckwheat).
  • Agroforestry (Dispersed trees on cropland):
    The technology is simple to adopt and improves a sustainable land management as well as diversification of income sources and food supply.

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? It could be implemented by increasing the number of trees planted (e.g. along the boundaries) and with sps. characterised by deeper root systems, to avoid further water competition. More Avocadoe trees could increase the opportunities for the farmer to be part of a CBO (Community Based Organization) addressed to marketing of Avocadoes for oil production. This could help the farmer to earn more money and invest more in SWC implementation and new methods, in the long run.
    The option of alley cropping (hedgerow
    Intercropping) with leguminous plants e.g. Sesbanian sesban (Ramachandran Nair-ICRAF, 1993) could be considered as another option.
  • Napier grass has very good properties in holding soil; also for ditch stabilization and fodder production

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other herbaceous vegetation could be also planted in the field:
    e.g. Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower), an excellent (high quality-N, P, K concentration) green manure /nutrient release and medicinal plant, or could be also used as a major component of compost manure.
    It is an annual weed that can be used for several purposes: fodders, poultry feed, fuel, compost, land demarcation, soil erosion, building materials, shelter for poultry. It is characterized by adaptability to different environment, rapid growth, fast rate of decomposition. Nevertheless, there is the need to ascertain the extent to which this weed sps. could be used for soil improvement and to determine the best mode of application of the weed sps., (Olabode et al., 2007, Olubukola et al., 2013) and the fact that is a invasive weed (with an aggressive growth) it requires a good knowledge in the land management and weed control.
  • The attention to certified varieties give also more value to the production itself and at market level: an increase of the bargaining power creates more opportunities for better income and chances to explore new and bigger markets, (e.g. Avocados for oil production ).
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • The technologies in place require maintenance and monitoring, especially during rainy seasons Eventually subsides or be part of a CBO's (Community Based Organizations) or SHG (Self Help Groups); Still the measures already in place could be improved: diversification of trees (e.g. indigenous) and trainings (e.g. pruning etc) could help the farmer in avoiding tree diseases and allocate more efficiently resources.
  • The amount of work required to carry out all the activities is too much.

参考文献

编制者
  • Laura D'Aietti
Editors
审查者
  • Alexandra Gavilano
  • Fabian Ottiger
实施日期: Feb. 27, 2013
上次更新: May 7, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
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