A market garden located alongside the Nounou installation (Lake Takadji’s second installation) (IFAD)

Deepening the channels supplying water to lakes and ponds (马里)

Surcreusement des canaux d’alimentation en eau des lacs et des mares (French)

描述

The deepening of the channels has made it possible to control pond and lake recharge, optimise yields and crop growing, and increase the area under cultivation.

The water for the lakes and ponds in the lakeland area (‘zone lacustre’) alongside the Niger River is supplied when the Niger is in spate by means of a system of natural channels. As the water height of the annual flood wave of the Niger has decreased, some lakes and ponds receive little water. The disadvantages of this natural system are: the loss of harvests due to the flooding of fields before the crops have time to mature, and the rapid retreat of waters that inhibits the capillary effect across large areas.
In relation to the building of control structures and the deepening of channels supplying water to ponds and lakes, the projects main objectives are to: restore water supplies to the lakes and ponds previously fed by the Niger River; regularise water supplies to the ponds and lakes; increase the area under cultivation; restart the growing of flood recession crops and other activities in the areas around ponds and lakes; restore the environment and biodiversity around ponds and lakes; raise the water table around the ponds and lakes.

The deepening of the channels has made it possible to recharge lake and pond basins. It is the reason why we are now seeing the resumption of farming, market gardening, animal husbandry and fishing around the lakes and ponds. By building control structures and large dykes it is possible to control pond and lake recharge, optimise yields and crop growing, and increase the area under cultivation. There is a diversification of production and incomes through the farming of small family units and market gardening plots in the lake and pond areas. The installation of bridge crossings with causeways running across marshlands have helped to open up the area and, as such, facilitate the transport of farm produce, the provisioning of local communities and the circulation of road traffic. The development of the dual road/ferry scheme (the Saraféré-Niafunké road and 40-tonne motor ferry) has revived an economic and human activity that was dying out due to extremely high levels of male outmigration, which left women running households and highly vulnerable.

The stages of initiating, planning and implementing works and installations are based on the studies (soil, topographical and socio-economic) carried out by a consultancy and private company recruited through a tender process to deliver the works according to a well-defined timetable. An oversight and control office undertakes the monitoring and control of works quality and the meeting of agreed deadlines.
In principle, works are carried out during low-water periods when most of the floodplains are dry. The swampy nature of the area makes any intervention in the rainy season impossible. Furthermore, the planning of activities must respect the constraints imposed by nature. The Dabi installation on Lake Takadji is a good example of the application of technical standards.
The application and modus operandi of this good practice involve the following: the water inlets for the lake and pond basins alongside the Niger River are reopened by deepening the feeder channels; the high waters of the Niger River feed the ponds and lakes; water supply is controlled using a cement structure fitted with gates to prevent: the water flow from reversing when the Niger’s water levels are low, water flowing into the ponds and lakes before harvesting is complete; flood gauges to measure annual high water levels.
Various actors are involved in delivering this practice. Their roles are as follows: Beneficiaries are not required to participate in works delivered by contractors (works involving large pond and lakes), but they take charge of the development of VIS plots with support from the World Food Programme (WFP) in the form of supplies. External support from the project/programme finances the installation of facilities, the pump units and the first season’s inputs. Consultancies undertake feasibility studies, produce project specifications and plans, and carry out the monitoring and oversight of works. Local authorities, as a general rule, are involved in the planning of activities or, alternatively, make provision for activities in the PDESC. They also handle the upkeep and maintenance of installations.

地点

地点: Timbuktu Region; Niafunké, Diré and Goundam circles; communes of Soboundou, Soumpi, Tonka, Tindirma, Mali, 马里

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考
  • 不适用

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (332.0 km²)

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 10-50年前

介绍类型
Installation at Dabi on Lake Takadji (IFÂD)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 是 - 农牧业(包括农牧结合)

  • 农田
    • 一年一作
    每年的生长季节数: 1
  • 牧场

供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 水质恶化 - Ha:干旱化, Hs:地表水良变化, Hg:地下水/含水层水位的变化
SLM组
  • 灌溉管理(包括供水、排水)
  • 引水和排水
  • 地表水管理(泉、河、湖、海)
SLM措施
  • 结构措施 - S3:分级沟渠、渠道、水道

技术图纸

技术规范
Map of the ZLDP/NKE intervention area, phases I and II

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: low
Main technical functions: increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply, recharge lake and pond basins
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase / maintain water stored in soil

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:
  • 成本计算使用的货币:CFA Franc
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 517.0 CFA Franc
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:不适用
影响成本的最重要因素
The average cost of large ponds is around 300,000 CFA francs per hectare (580 Dollar per hectare). The VIS installation works were conducted using a participatory approach. The project contributed 780,106 CFA francs towards the VIS installation, or 65%, whereas the farmers’ contribution was 429,079 CFA francs per hectare, or 35%.
技术建立活动
  1. the water inlets for the lake and pond basins alongside the Niger River are reopened by deepening the feeder channels (时间/频率: None)
  2. the high waters of the Niger River feed the ponds and lakes (时间/频率: None)
  3. water supply is controlled using a cement structure fitted with gates to prevent: the water flow from reversing when the Niger’s water levels are low, water flowing into the ponds and lakes before harvesting is complete; flood gauges to measure annual high water levels. (时间/频率: None)
技术建立的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (CFA Franc) 每项投入的总成本 (CFA Franc) 土地使用者承担的成本%
其它
total construction ha 1.0 580.0 580.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 580.0
技术建立总成本,美元 1.12
技术维护活动
  1. upkeep and maintenance of installations (时间/频率: None)

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
Thermal climate class: tropics
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考:
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
教育

贫瘠
技术援助

贫瘠
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
市场

贫瘠
能源

贫瘠
道路和交通

贫瘠
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
金融服务

贫瘠

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
增加

生产故障风险
增加
降低

产品多样性
降低
增加

生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
降低
增加

农业收入
降低
增加

development of new farming technologies
reduced
improved

facilitation of transport through the installation of bridges
reduced
improved

社会文化影响
食品安全/自给自足
减少
改良

冲突缓解
恶化
改良

contribution to human well-being
None
None


Increases in agro-sylvo-pastoral production, increases in local people’s incomes and standard of living. Rice production on a quarter-hectare VIS can increase family income by around 80% compared to traditional means of production involving 1.5 hectares of floating rice grown on the river. The percentage of households that are vulnerable to food insecurity has dropped from 20.4% in 1997 to 5.8% in 2006.

生态影响
水量
降低
增加

水的回收/收集(径流、露水、雪等)
减少
改良

地下水位/含水层
下降
补水

土壤水分
降低
增加

栖息地多样性
降低
增加

recharge of lakes and ponds
reduced
increased

场外影响
水的可用性(地下水、泉水)
降低
增加

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

气候变化

渐变气候
年温度 增加

非常不好
非常好
气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
局地暴雨

非常不好
非常好
局地风暴

非常不好
非常好
干旱

非常不好
非常好
比较和缓的(河道)洪水

非常不好
非常好
其他气候相关的后果
缩短生长期

非常不好
非常好

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • creates a favourable environment – restoration of the environment and biodiversity around lakes and ponds, the raising of the water table around ponds and lakes, increases in agro-sylvo-pastoral production, increases in local people’s incomes and standard of living
  • diversification of production and incomes through the farming of small family units and market gardening plots in the lake and pond areas
  • plantations growing around 100,000 plants have been developed over the lifetime of the project.
  • rice production on a quarter-hectare VIS can increase family income by around 80% compared to traditional means of production involving 1.5 hectares of floating
    rice grown on the river.
  • Management councils for each lake are established. User agreements are drawn up to regulate the management of the scheme (lake or pond) and
    local authorities are tasked with maintenance.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • The installation of water control schemes has led to increases in the size of areas under cultivation. In Lake Takadji’s case, the installation of a second facility opened up a further 1,200 hectares of land for farming. The number of farmers working the lakeland areas has risen from 6.8% in 1998 to 18.5% in 2006, which is due to the growth in land area developed under the scheme and the high concentrations of people living in these areas. This underlying trend in production systems translates as increased agricultural productivity on the ground: per-hectare productivity has grown by 3.8 tonnes over the last eight years in areas using the irrigation and flood recession systems.
  • Research carried out with the support of the project team has enabled the development of new farming technologies that have subsequently been provided to households (cropping patterns, improved crop varieties), thereby increasing yields and production.
  • the installation of bridge crossings with causeways running across marshlands have helped to open up the
    area and facilitate the transport of farm produce, the provisioning of local communities and the circulation of road traffic
  • the percentage of households that are vulnerable to food insecurity has dropped from 20.4% in 1997 to 5.8% in 2006. The food security index has risen by 2.6 on a 25-point scale for all the households with access to the irrigation schemes.
  • migration dropped by 30% between 2001 and 2006.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • Difficulties arising from the natural water supply system are: a) loss of harvests due to the flooding of fields before crops have matured, and rapid retreat of waters that inhibits the capillary effect across large areas; b) upkeep and maintenance of facilities

参考文献

编制者
  • Dieter Nill
Editors
审查者
  • Deborah Niggli
  • Alexandra Gavilano
实施日期: Sept. 24, 2014
上次更新: May 28, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel. Experiences from Mali. Published by GIZ in 2014.: http://star-www.giz.de/starweb/giz/pub/servlet.starweb
  • Completion report for the Zone Lacustre Development Programme – Niafunké Phase II, July 2006:
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International