Plastering a biodynamic compost heap with a paste made from a mixture of soil and cow dung. (Samden L Sherpa)

Biodynamic composting (尼泊尔)

Jaibic Mal Banune Takika (Nepali) (Main Contributor: Samden Sherpa, ICIMOD)

描述

A faster and more effective way to produce high quality compost in large quantities by surface composting using dry and green farm biomass piled in a heap.

Biodynamic denotes a method of organic farming that emphasizes a holistic understanding of the interrelationships between soil, plants, and animals in a self-sustaining system. It excludes the use of artificial chemicals and stresses the importance of integrating farm animals, the cultivation of crops, and caring for the land. Fermented herbal and mineral preparations are used as compost additives and field sprays.

Purpose of the Technology: Biodynamic composting is an inexpensive means of producing a large amount of compost within a relatively short time compared to other methods. It is ideal for farmers who require large amounts of compost, such as for orchards; or when several households get together to produce and share compost. This type of composting also helps to store soil carbon, assists irrigation practices that keep fields alternatively moist and dry, works to decrease the number of soil pests, and reduces methane emission. This practice not only enhances agricultural production as an on-site benefit to the land users but also contributes to the off-site benefits enjoyed by downstream land users, since it helps to reduce sedimentation and increases water availability.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The biodynamic compost is prepared as a surface heap rather than in a traditional pit. The heap is built on a flat, dry site away from shade trees and other elements that would promote water logging. The farmer marks out a rectangular plot of land according to his needs and places a set of logs or PVC pipes lengthwise in the middle of the rectangle to facilitate air circulation and help aerate the pile. Alternating layers of dry and green biomass are added on top. Rock phosphate and crushed slaked lime are added to the middle layers to enhance decomposition and to supplement the mineral content. Once the layering is complete, the pile is sealed using a paste made from soil and cow dung. Over the ensuing two months, the pile is watered weekly (through holes made in the plaster layer which are then resealed) and is monitored; any cracks that appear in the external plaster are sealed. At the end of this time, the compost is tested to check if it is ready by taking samples from a few different locations in the heap. When a crushed sample smells like forest soil, it indicates that the degradation is 80% complete and that the compost is ready to use.

地点

地点: Lalitpur District, 尼泊尔

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考
  • 不适用

技术传播: 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 10-50年前

介绍类型
A biodynamic compost heap prepared by alternately layering dry and green biomass. (Samden L Sherpa)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
  • Access to fertilizer
土地利用

  • 农田
    • 一年一作
  • 森林/林地产品和服务: 薪材, fodder

供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
SLM组
  • 土壤肥力综合管理
SLM措施
  • 管理措施 - M5:物种组成的控制/变化

技术图纸

技术规范
Layering of the different materials in a biodynamic compost heap

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (technicians as well)

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, Increase Soil fertility and Productivity, Improve Physical condition of the soil

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, Improve the physical properties of the soil

Other type of management: Improve Compost Quality
Author: Layering of the different materials in a biodynamic compost heap

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:每个技术单元 (单位:compost heap)
  • 成本计算使用的货币:NPR
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 71.0 NPR
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:不适用
影响成本的最重要因素
All costs and amounts are rough estimates by the technicians and authors. Exchange rate USD 1 = NPR 71 in May 2011. This was a demonstration project conducted by ICIMOD.
技术建立活动
  1. include cow dung, crushed lime, rock phosphate (or bone meal), and dry and green farm matter. The compost heap is assembled in less than one day and the compost is ready to use within two months (under weather and temperature conditions similar to those at the ICIMOD Knowledge Park).Note: If rock phosphate is not available, crushed stone dust can besubstituted. (时间/频率: 2 month)
技术建立的投入和成本 (per compost heap)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (NPR) 每项投入的总成本 (NPR) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Labour unit 1.0 80.0 80.0
设备
Shovel, chopping machine, bucket, bamboo, rope unit 1.0 20.0 20.0
施工材料
cow dung kg/unit 300.0 0.1 30.0
lime and rock phosphate kg/unit 25.0 0.8 20.0
技术建立所需总成本 150.0
技术建立总成本,美元 2.11
技术维护活动
  1. The compost heap is punctured weekly in order to add water; after watering, the punctures are resealed using cow dung. (时间/频率: weekly)
技术维护的投入和成本 (per compost heap)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (NPR) 每项投入的总成本 (NPR) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Labour unit 1.0 25.0 25.0
施工材料
Compost / manure unit 1.0 10.0 10.0
技术维护所需总成本 35.0
技术维护总成本,美元 0.49

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
Thermal climate class: temperate
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考:
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
  • government
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
道路和交通

贫瘠
labour available

贫瘠

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
增加

农业投入费用
增加
降低


Reduce expenses for purchasing chemical fertilizers

农业收入
降低
增加

社会文化影响
SLM/土地退化知识
减少
改良


Improve knowledge on bio dynamic composting

Improve knowledge on soil conservation and soil fertility

生态影响
土壤有机物/地下C
降低
增加

Better compost encourages farmers to diversify crops to include mixed farming
discouraged
encouraged

Use of chemical fertilizers
increased
decreased

场外影响
Environmentally friendly: keeps village cleaner by recycling waste matter
reduced
improved

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

The land user enjoys both short and long-term benefits; in the short term there is a reduced need for costly chemical/mineral fertilizers and in the long term the health of the soil improves. Locally available dry and green biomass can be used for making biodynamic compost. The only extra costs arise from the need for lime, rock phosphate, and labour.

气候变化

-

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
户数和/或覆盖面积
Experiment
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • The main advantage of this method is that the composting process is completed within 60 days, whereas the traditional method requires more than 120 days. The biodynamic compost itself is very fine and decomposition takes place uniformly from top to bottom in the heap.

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Share experiences with a wider audience and provide training to replicate the technology.
  • The quality of biodynamic compost is better than that of traditionally prepared compost. The nutrient content of N, P, K, and organic matter, and the C/N ratio, are higher

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Share experiences with a wider audience and provide training to replicate the technology.
  • This method is suitable for producing large amounts of compost

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
  • Promotes organic production of desired crops and avoids the need for chemical fertilizers

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • Large amounts of biomass are not always available Rice and wheat straw can also be used if forest biomass is not easily available.
  • Rock phosphate is not always available crushed stone dust can be substituted.

参考文献

编制者
  • Shreedip Sigdel
Editors
审查者
  • David Streiff
  • Alexandra Gavilano
实施日期: Aug. 7, 2015
上次更新: June 4, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Biodynamic farming and compost preparation, Diver, S, 1999:
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International