SUWS tap ( Top left) with pipes connected to households for multiple purposes (Jhuna Kattel)

Odaltaal-10 Single Use Water System (尼泊尔)

Tanki

描述

Water from source is collected in a reservoir tank ( RVT) of volume 13000 Ltr and then distributed to each household for Single Use. Traditionally, the system was constructed to serve a single purpose-drinking (hence the name "Single Use" water system). However, due to increasing demand and need to meet multiple uses, the water users are using the same water for different purposes like drinking, irrigation and other domestic uses.

A Single Use Water System (SUWS) is the one in which the supplied water serves a single purpose. Traditionally, the system was constructed in order to meet the growing demand and serve a single purpose i.e. supply drinking water to households ( hence the name "Single Use" water systems). However, people's demands and needs increased and supplied water was then used for various purposes like for irrigation, animal husbandry, domestic chores like bathing, washing, etc.
The technology is applied in a natural environment (community forest). The source of water is a natural source that lies in a community forest and hence, the availability is seasonal. The land where the source falls is owned by the government and the implementation of the technology was primarily assisted by the Village Development Committee (VDC). Its use rights falls under the water users. The main elements include a concrete Reservoir tank (RVT), pipeline and tap system or tap towers with faucets. The major functions of this technology are to store water and distribute to the 30-35 households and to ensure the preservation of natural water source through its sustainable use. Major activities are labor and construction activities for building the reservoir tank and laying down the pipeline. Maintenance work, if and when it is needed, is carried out with the help of the water users. No specific group or committee has been formed that looks onto the matters of discussion of the committee. No investment has been made by the local water users' group towards the construction of the technology. Benefits of the technology are the availability of clean drinking water at household level and the preservation of the natural source of water that ensures its perennial availability. Water users admire the overall improvement of their health status through the availability of clean drinking water.
They dislike the fact of water scarcity during dry seasons and the poor management of the system. The quantity of the water is adequate for most of the year. However, scarcity of water during the dry months (when the source dries out) is still eminent. Quality of water is good with low salinity and or iron and other elements but persistence of lime in the water remains.

地点

地点: Kunathari VDC -10, Odaltaal, Province 6, Karnali, Mid - Western Development Region, 尼泊尔

分析的技术场所数量: 单一场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 81.50293, 28.71852

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (approx. 1-10 平方千米)

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 10-50年前

介绍类型
SUWS tap system (Jhuna Kattel)
SUWS tap tower (Jhuna Kattel)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
  • drinking water purpose ( to improve water security at a household level)
土地利用

  • 森林/林地
    • (半天然)天然森林/林地. 管理: 选伐
    Tree types (常绿): 不适用
    产品和服务: 自然保持/保护
供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉
  • Natural Water Source

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 水质恶化 - Hs:地表水良变化, Hp:地表水水质下降
SLM组
  • 集水
  • 地下水管理
  • water management ( for Drinking purpose) - Gravity Fed Single Line
SLM措施
  • 结构措施 - S5:大坝、集水斗、水池, S6:墙、障碍物、栅栏、围墙, S7:集水/供水/灌溉设备, S11:其它

技术图纸

技术规范
Reservoir Tank (13,000 LTR in volume). Both the source and the RVT are located inside community forest ( Samjhana Samudayik Ban). The water then flows due to the effects of gravity onto the tap towers, wherein water is supplied for 30-35 households for Single Use. Even though single use (drinking) was considered in the construction of technology, people have been fulfilling various needs with the water supplied ( eg. Drinking, irrigation, and other domestic uses).

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:每个技术区域 (尺寸和面积单位:10 Dhurs;换算为1公顷的换算系数:1 公顷 = 1 ha= 590.70 dhurs
  • 成本计算使用的货币:NPR
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 113.0 NPR
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:N/A
影响成本的最重要因素
The construction materials, pipelines were the ones which costed the most.
技术建立活动
  1. Construction of Reservoir Tank (时间/频率: None)
  2. Laying down the pipeline (时间/频率: None)
技术建立的投入和成本 (per 10 Dhurs)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (NPR) 每项投入的总成本 (NPR) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Voluntary
设备
Construction of RVT
Laying down pipeline
技术维护活动
  1. Laying down pipeline ( by RRN) (时间/频率: Once (2056 B.S,) during winter)
  2. Operation and maintenance costs (borne by a NGO- DFID) (时间/频率: Once (2071 B.S.) during summer)
  3. Changing of pipes ( borne by NGO- Newasanstha and the locals) (时间/频率: 6-7 times ( during summer, winter and during rains))
技术维护的投入和成本 (per 10 Dhurs)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (NPR) 每项投入的总成本 (NPR) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Voluntary Labour contribution by locals 100.0
设备
Changing of PVC Pipes 25.0

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
Total annual rainfall of the region was around 1609 mm; however no literature could give an idea on the annual "average" rainfall. Thus, estimated rainfall was mentioned.
气象站名称:Meteorological Forecasting Division, Nepal ( www.mfd.gov.np)
The climate is overall humid with monsoon consisting of 2-3 months ( June - August) and dry and arid conditions during the winter seasons.
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考: 地下水和地表水
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
x
教育

贫瘠
x
技术援助

贫瘠
x
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
x
市场

贫瘠
x
能源

贫瘠
x
道路和交通

贫瘠
x
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
x
金融服务

贫瘠
x
注释

The access to all these services is limited as the locals have to traverse a distance of almost 30 minutes to bazaar area / marketplace. The road infrastructure is good.

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
x
增加

饲料生产
降低
x
增加

森林/林地质量
降低
x
增加

生产故障风险
增加
x
降低

产品多样性
降低
x
增加

生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
降低
x
增加

饮用水的可用性
降低
x
增加

饮用水的质量
降低
x
增加

家畜用水的可用性
降低
x
增加

家畜用水的质量
降低
x
增加

灌溉用水的可用性
降低
x
增加

灌溉用水的质量
降低
x
增加

灌溉用水需求
增加
x
降低

收入来源的多样性
降低
x
增加

社会文化影响
健康状况
恶化
x
改良


Prior to the adoption of the technology, typhoid, jaundice, diarrhea and dysentery used to be a problem during the summer and rainy seasons. However, after the adoption of technology, the number of cases of such illnesses have drastically decreased and overall health status of the people greatly improved due to availability of clean drinking water.

生态影响
干旱影响
增加
x
降低

场外影响
水的可用性(地下水、泉水)
降低
x
增加


Water can be made available to distant places with the connection of a PVC pipe to the faucet in SUWS tap towers. Thus, more people are being benefitted from the technology.

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

Estimated maintenance and running costs could not be exactly calculated, but weighing down the pros with the costs; the benefits outweigh the costs.

气候变化

渐变气候
年温度 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
年降雨量 减少

非常不好
x
非常好
气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
干旱

非常不好
x
非常好

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • Availability of clean source of drinking water is ensured.
  • Need to travel long distances to fetch water not prevalent due the the availability of taps with drinking water at household levels.
  • Water being used for various purposes like drinking, irrigation, domestic purposes, etc.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Water scarcity during arid and dry winters decreased if not stopped overall.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • Water not available all year-round By construction of another reservoir tank (RVT)
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • Pipeline severely damaged due to lime Lime treatment and changing of pipes to more resistant ones ( GI ) pipes instead of feeble PVC ones used
  • No specific committee / group set up to discuss the problems Setting up water users' committee and donating a small sum per household every month that goes onto a fund, that can be later used to address various problems that may arise in the future.
  • Water being supplied for a single use only upgrading the technology to Multiple Use Water Systems (MUWS) in place of Single-Use Water Systems (SUWS) could address the multiple uses of water users.

参考文献

编制者
  • Jhuna Kattel
Editors
审查者
  • Renate Fleiner
实施日期: July 9, 2019
上次更新: Dec. 3, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International