Resting place of the animals next to the herder's tent. (Christian Wirz (Switzerland))

Daily and seasonal rotation on grassland (塔吉克斯坦)

Dajmardei Kaspi (professional herder)

描述

Extensive grazing of sheep and goats by the means of a precise rotational scheme

Half-year herding with 500 sheep, goats and cows (very few), with 7-8 different locations of the herder's tent. The herder visits each place twice to thrice per grazing season and stays in one place for one week to maximally one month (during the Ramadan period, due to limited forces). The area is grazed from the higher zone (around 2000m) to the lower zone (around 1600m) twice per season, in a sort of circle. Every day the herder starts in another direction from his tent and leads the animals to the pastures, once in the morning and once in the evening. He passes a stream once (autumn) to twice (summer) a day.

Purpose of the Technology: The grass should not get dusty and dirty, explaining why the herder daily changes the pastures, only revisiting the same places every two to three days.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: After accompanying his father as a child and a kind of an apprenticeship (of one year) later on, M. is considered by the villagers as a good herder and they give him their animals for herding. But M. applies for land on the forest department only after working as a guardian and as a tractor driver for 20 years. For the herding profession observing the animals precisely is necessary, in order not to lose any of them. And the maintenance of the pastures is guaranteed by the strict rotational scheme.

Natural / human environment: The pasture-area is in a generally well-conserved state. Moderate to high values of fractional vegetation cover can be observed and only few signs of recent erosion processes (through water) are visible. The area is characterised by steep slopes where still signs of past tree-planting during the USSR period are visible by some trees, many little platforms made for tree-planting and a few terraced areas. Eventhough, many trees have been grazed and do not stand anymore. Besides steep areas there are small, quite flat areas (where the herder installs his tents), that used to be cultivated (wheat) till 1966. These areas generally have low cover-values and signs of rill-erosion, which the herder attributes to the past tilling activity. However, it might also be the trampling and sitting of the animals (staying near the herder's tent at noon-time and during the night) causing this erosion. Nutrient management is provided for by the dung of the animals which is not collected, contrarily to the pastures near the villages.

地点

地点: Faizabad, Region of Republican Subordination, 塔吉克斯坦

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考
  • 69.3771, 38.6213

技术传播:

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 50多年前(传统)

介绍类型
-
Sheep and goats grazing in a high-cover area. (Christian Wirz (Switzerland))

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用

  • 牧场
    • 半游牧畜牧业
    动物类型: 山羊, 绵羊, cows
      品种计数
      山羊500
      绵羊500

    供水
    • 雨养
    • 混合雨水灌溉
    • 充分灌溉

    土地退化相关的目的
    • 防止土地退化
    • 减少土地退化
    • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
    • 适应土地退化
    • 不适用
    解决的退化问题
    • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
    • 生物性退化 - Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
    SLM组
    • 畜牧业和牧场管理
    SLM措施
    • 管理措施 - M1:改变土地使用类型, M4:活动时间安排的重大变化

    技术图纸

    技术规范
    Daily and seasonal rotation.

    Location: Above Karsang. Faizabad / Tajikistan

    Date: 05.08.09

    Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (Obeying to what the herder says)

    Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (It is necessary to know how to lead animals, more than in the case of the common pasture-area)

    Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase of biomass (quantity)

    Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, control of fires, palatable fodder

    Change of land use type: From afforestation and limited use as cropland to extensive grazing

    Major change in timing of activities: Introduction of a strict rotational grazing scheme
    Author: Christian Wirz, Switzerland

    技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

    投入和成本的计算
    • 计算的成本为:
    • 成本计算使用的货币:美元
    • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 不适用
    • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:6.10
    影响成本的最重要因素
    Buying an own herd and looking for the animals are the most expensive factors, expecially if there are sick or dead animals.
    技术建立活动
    1. Buying a herd (时间/频率: constantly investing)
    技术建立的投入和成本
    对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (美元) 每项投入的总成本 (美元) 土地使用者承担的成本%
    其它
    Buying a herd animals 50.0 87.7 4385.0 100.0
    技术建立所需总成本 4'385.0
    技术建立总成本,美元 4'385.0
    技术维护活动
    1. Rent fee for land of forest department (时间/频率: once per year)
    2. Salary of an assistant herder (normally, but not in 2008) (时间/频率: at the end of the season)
    3. compensation for dead animals (时间/频率: at the end of the season)
    4. Animal medecine (时间/频率: if necessary)
    5. Salt (时间/频率: daily)
    技术维护的投入和成本
    对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (美元) 每项投入的总成本 (美元) 土地使用者承担的成本%
    劳动力
    Salary of an assistant herder Days 120.0 6.1 732.0 100.0
    其它
    Rent fee for land of forest department 300ha/d 180.0 0.4888888 88.0 100.0
    Compensation for dead animals animals 2.0 44.0 88.0 100.0
    Animal medecine per year 1.0 88.0 88.0 100.0
    Salt kg 1000.0 0.08 80.0 100.0
    技术维护所需总成本 1'076.0
    技术维护总成本,美元 1'076.0

    自然环境

    年平均降雨量
    • < 250毫米
    • 251-500毫米
    • 501-750毫米
    • 751-1,000毫米
    • 1,001-1,500毫米
    • 1,501-2,000毫米
    • 2,001-3,000毫米
    • 3,001-4,000毫米
    • > 4,000毫米
    农业气候带
    • 潮湿的
    • 半湿润
    • 半干旱
    • 干旱
    关于气候的规范
    Mainly in spring and also in autumn, with a trend to decrease
    Thermal climate class: temperate
    斜坡
    • 水平(0-2%)
    • 缓降(3-5%)
    • 平缓(6-10%)
    • 滚坡(11-15%)
    • 崎岖(16-30%)
    • 陡峭(31-60%)
    • 非常陡峭(>60%)
    地形
    • 高原/平原
    • 山脊
    • 山坡
    • 山地斜坡
    • 麓坡
    • 谷底
    海拔
    • 0-100 m a.s.l.
    • 101-500 m a.s.l.
    • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
    • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
    • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
    • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
    • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
    • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
    • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
    ......应用的技术
    • 凸形情况
    • 凹陷情况
    • 不相关
    土壤深度
    • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
    • 浅(21-50厘米)
    • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
    • 深(81-120厘米)
    • 非常深(> 120厘米)
    土壤质地(表土)
    • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
    • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
    • 细粒/重质(粘土)
    土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
    • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
    • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
    • 细粒/重质(粘土)
    表土有机质含量
    • 高(>3%)
    • 中(1-3%)
    • 低(<1%)
    地下水位
    • 表面上
    • < 5米
    • 5-50米
    • > 50米
    地表水的可用性
    • 过量
    • 中等
    • 匮乏/没有
    水质(未处理)
    • 良好饮用水
    • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
    • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
    • 不可用
    水质请参考:
    盐度是个问题吗?

    洪水发生
    物种多样性
    • 中等
    栖息地多样性
    • 中等

    应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

    市场定位
    • 生计(自给)
    • 混合(生计/商业)
    • 商业/市场
    非农收入
    • 低于全部收入的10%
    • 收入的10-50%
    • > 收入的50%
    相对财富水平
    • 非常贫瘠
    • 贫瘠
    • 平均水平
    • 丰富
    • 非常丰富
    机械化水平
    • 手工作业
    • 畜力牵引
    • 机械化/电动
    定栖或游牧
    • 定栖的
    • 半游牧的
    • 游牧的
    个人或集体
    • 个人/家庭
    • 团体/社区
    • 合作社
    • 员工(公司、政府)
    性别
    • 女人
    • 男人
    年龄
    • 儿童
    • 青年人
    • 中年人
    • 老年人
    每户使用面积
    • < 0.5 公顷
    • 0.5-1 公顷
    • 1-2 公顷
    • 2-5公顷
    • 5-15公顷
    • 15-50公顷
    • 50-100公顷
    • 100-500公顷
    • 500-1,000公顷
    • 1,000-10,000公顷
    • > 10,000公顷
    规模
    • 小规模的
    • 中等规模的
    • 大规模的
    土地所有权
    • 公司
    • 社区/村庄
    • 团体
    • 个人,未命名
    • 个人,有命名
    土地使用权
    • 自由进入(无组织)
    • 社区(有组织)
    • 租赁
    • 个人
    用水权
    • 自由进入(无组织)
    • 社区(有组织)
    • 租赁
    • 个人
    进入服务和基础设施的通道
    健康

    贫瘠
    教育

    贫瘠
    技术援助

    贫瘠
    就业(例如非农)

    贫瘠
    市场

    贫瘠
    能源

    贫瘠
    道路和交通

    贫瘠
    饮用水和卫生设施

    贫瘠
    金融服务

    贫瘠

    影响

    社会经济影响
    饲料生产
    降低
    增加


    Higher vegetation cover and biomass values than for village-pastures

    饲料质量
    降低
    增加


    Much less impalatable species' frequency

    畜牧生产
    降低
    增加


    The animals get much fatter and are sold for around 50% higher price than animals from common pastures

    木材生产
    降低
    增加


    The herder says that tree density has decreased, due to livestock but also to chopping. Additionally chopping of living trees is generally forbidden (since the 1960s, when the forest department was created as a new land use type), not making possible the

    生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
    降低
    增加


    The use of the land for fruit production is not possible with animals grazing, but this was also the case before, as to the herder's opinion

    灌溉用水的质量
    降低
    增加


    Due to reduced stocking rates in comparison with village-pastures (and the soviet times), better water quality

    社会文化影响
    食品安全/自给自足
    减少
    改良

    健康状况
    恶化
    改良

    娱乐机会
    减少
    改良

    Livelihoods and human well-being
    reduced
    improved

    生态影响
    地表径流
    增加
    降低


    Better control of runoff, but steeper land

    多余水的排放
    减少
    改良

    土壤覆盖层
    减少
    改良

    SLM之前的数量: 40%
    SLM之后的数量: 80%
    Higher cover than on village-pastures

    植物多样性
    降低
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 36 species
    SLM之后的数量: 47 species
    More plant systematical diversity

    火灾风险
    增加
    降低


    According to forest department the area above Karsang, due to ist trees, is more prone to fires than other areas

    场外影响

    成本效益分析

    与技术建立成本相比的效益
    短期回报
    非常消极
    非常积极

    长期回报
    非常消极
    非常积极

    与技术维护成本相比的效益
    短期回报
    非常消极
    非常积极

    长期回报
    非常消极
    非常积极

    4 Years ago a herd of 400 animals had to be sold due to disease. Since then M was able to rebuild a herd of 500 animals. On a short term investing into animals is expensive but pays quickly. The maintenance costs are finally decisive, but quite constant.

    气候变化

    气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
    干旱

    非常不好
    非常好
    其他气候相关的后果
    缩短生长期

    非常不好
    非常好

    采用和适应

    采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
    • 单例/实验
    • 1-10%
    • 11-50%
    • > 50%
    在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
    • 0-10%
    • 11-50%
    • 51-90%
    • 91-100%
    户数和/或覆盖面积
    1 Household
    最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
    什么样的变化条件?
    • 气候变化/极端气候
    • 不断变化的市场
    • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

    结论和吸取的教训

    长处: 土地使用者的观点
    • Grazing stabilises the soils and is thus a prevention against gully erosion in areas with low cover (former cropland). Animals have the same effect as the terraces built years ago.

      How can they be sustained / enhanced? Grazing activity should continue, once M. is too old for working.
    • The animals provide for soil fertility by their dung, instead of the fertilisers used in Soviet times. This positively influences the share of palatable plants and cover in general and, by this, soil moisture.
    • The area on the forest department is a good alternative to the much too small pasture-area near the village
    长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
    • Form of land use making it possible to take some pressure from the common pastures without great damages.

      How can they be sustained / enhanced? It needs to be assured that also poorer families, who depend even more on livestock breeding than richer ones, can give their animals to M. or other professional herders. This could be realised by engaging herder assistants from poor families
    • The rotational scheme is much more elaborated than in the case of the villages' pastures, which can be explained by more land available

      How can they be sustained / enhanced? Land users like M. should be addressed by forest administration to elaborate legal forms of herding with little damages on natural resources on this land. This will probably require land reforms.
    弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
    • Tree planting is not possible as long as the area is used for grazing. By giving people land for longer periods (than one year) and with more freedoms in its use, people would gain interest in diversifying use: They would split up "their" land into haymaking, orchard and pasture areas.
    弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
    • The main problem of this form of grazing is that it doesn't allow the regrowth of trees. Changing the areas use for grazing, respectively haymaking, every few years.
    • Cover is markedly reduced around the places where tents are installed. By changing the camping place (but: limited flat areas!) or not keeping the animals in the same place at noon time and during night time, these areas might recover.

    参考文献

    编制者
    • Christian Wirz
    Editors
    审查者
    • David Streiff
    • Alexandra Gavilano
    实施日期: March 7, 2011
    上次更新: Aug. 4, 2019
    资源人
    WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
    链接的SLM数据
    文件编制者
    机构 项目
    This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International