Cassava production using contour bund, manure and inproved germplasm (Eliud Tibaijuka (Box 38 Kyaka Missenyi Kagera Tanzania))

Adapted combination of technologies in improved cassava production (坦桑尼亚联合共和国)

Matumizi ya makinga maji yaloyo imarishwa na mbaazi, samadi, karanga na mbegu bora ya muhogo katika uzarishaji wa muhogo

描述

Improved cassava production through the use of contour bund stabilized with cajanus cajan, manure application, cover crops (ground nuts) and improved cassava germplasm.

The technology involves a combination of structural, vegetative and agronomic land use practices aiming at improving production of cassava (Manihot esculenta), improving potential of the soil and environmental function of the land. The technology is among a list of basket of choices of SLM practices recently introduced and adapted to the area by land user and experts working with SCC-Vi Agroforestry an NGO contracted/outsourced by the Tras-boundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP) for provision of SLM advisory and extension services.
Contour bunds are constructed across the sloppy landscapes of average slope 5 – 8 % and are arranged in rows from the top to the bottom of the slope. The average distance between contour bunds is 15 meters. A contour bund is a row of long narrow furrow of average width 90cm and average depth 30cm dug across the slope using simple tools and leveled using A-frame method. Dug soils are piled below the slope to form a long strip earth of fanya chini bund. The average height and width of a bund is 30cm and 45cm respectively. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) are planted on contour bund to make them more stronger and productive. A single stand of pigeon pea has two plants and the distance between stands is 30 cm. Improved cassavas (Manihot esculenta) variety (mkombozi) that are resistant to cassava mosaic virus are planted in rows between contour bunds. Within rows, the space between cassavas is 1meter and between rows is 1meter. Manure application is applied before cassava planting at the rate of 2kgs per each plant hole. Cassava is usually planted on May and is harvested after one year. Cassava is planted together with groundnuts (Arachis hypogea) as a cover crop. Despite of having the nutritional advantage to farmers, pigeon pea and groundnuts also diversifies farmers’ livelihood income and have a key role of improving ecosystem through soil water conservation (prevent unproductive loss of green water) and improve soil fertility (through soil nutrient replenishment) and their after harvest remains are sources of organic matter.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of the technology is to:
1) Increase cassava productivity 2) Improved livelihood of the rural poor through diversification of income sources (cajanus cajan, groundnuts and cassava) and 3) conserve and restore ecosystem through soil fertility improvement (replacement of nutrients lost through uptake by plants), soil moisture improvement (by preventing blue water loss through runoff and green water loss through unproductive evaporation) and control of cassava pests and diseases (use of cassava varieties that are resistant to cassava mosaic virus).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment activities include land preparation, ploughing and harrowing, contour bund construction and leveling using A-frame, manure procurement and application. Maintenance and recurrent activities involves collection of cassava planting materials and planting, vegetative stabilization of the bunds by planting Cajanus cajan, planting of cover crops (groundnuts within cassava farm), weeding/gap filling and harvesting.

Natural / human environment: The natural environment includes crop land dominated with separate annual crops. A combination of structural and vegetative measure (contour bund strengthened and made more productive with Cajanus cajan). Climatic zone is sub humid with 210 length of growing period (LGP). Slope category is moderate lying between 5-8%. Soil texture is gravel sandy loam with medium soil depth.
On human environment, mechanization is dominated by use of handy tools and occasional use of tractors. Production system is mixed (both for subsistence and commercial purposes). Inputs used includes tools (hand hoe, machete, sickles, spade and mattock), light and heavy labour, manure, seeds and cassava planting materials with average annual costs of 1033.47 USD per hectare. Land ownership is individual not titles. The expected average annual gross revenue per hectare accrued from cassava alone is 20580 USD.

地点

地点: Missenyi District Council/Minziro village, Tanzania/Kagera region, 坦桑尼亚联合共和国

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考
  • 31.54916, -1.04117

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (approx. < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷))

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 不到10年前(最近)

介绍类型
Contuor bund stabilized with pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) (Eliud Tibaijuka (Box 38 Kyaka Missenyi Kagera Tanzania))

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 是 - 农林业

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 谷物类 - 玉米, 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子, 油料作物 - 花生, 根/块茎作物 - 红薯、山药、芋头/椰子,其他, pigeon pea
    • 多年一作(非木材): 香蕉/芭蕉/蕉麻, 菠萝
    • 乔木与灌木的种植: 鳄梨, 咖啡,露天种植, 芒果、山竹果、番石榴
    每年的生长季节数: 2

供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
SLM组
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 土壤肥力综合管理
SLM措施
  • 农艺措施 - A2:有机质/土壤肥力
  • 植物措施 - V5:其它
  • 结构措施 - S11:其它

技术图纸

技术规范

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:
  • 成本计算使用的货币:Tanzanian shillings
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 1700.0 Tanzanian shillings
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:1.17
影响成本的最重要因素
Manure application is the most cost determinant factor
技术建立活动
  1. Planting cajanus cajan (perennial shrub) (时间/频率: once)
  2. Construction of contour bunds (时间/频率: once)
  3. Purchese tools (时间/频率: None)
  4. Traction hire (时间/频率: None)
技术建立的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (Tanzanian shillings) 每项投入的总成本 (Tanzanian shillings) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Planting cajanus cajan (perennial shrub) person/days 13.0 1.7 22.1 100.0
Construction of contour bunds person/days 13.0 3.46 44.98 100.0
设备
Tractor (hired) pieces 1.0 95.0 95.0
Tools pieces 34.0 2.941 99.99 100.0
植物材料
Seeds kg 6.0 27.0 162.0
技术建立所需总成本 424.07
技术建立总成本,美元 0.25
技术维护活动
  1. land preparation for tractor operation/ cleaning/grass slashing (usually occasional depends on land complexity) (时间/频率: November)
  2. land manual harrowing (after tractor tilling). (时间/频率: November)
  3. manure application (时间/频率: May)
  4. Planting of cassava and groundnuts. (时间/频率: May)
  5. weeding cassava, groundnuts and pigeon pea (done concurrently) (时间/频率: twice)
  6. Harvesting and transportation of groundnuts. (时间/频率: Jully)
  7. Harvesting and transportation of cassava (after one year) (时间/频率: May)
  8. harvesting cajanus cajan (时间/频率: once)
  9. Maintenance of the contour bunds (cleaning of the furrow floor/walls and reshaping of the bunds) (时间/频率: once)
技术维护的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (Tanzanian shillings) 每项投入的总成本 (Tanzanian shillings) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
land preparation for tractor operation/ cleaning/grass slashing (usually occasional depends on land complexity) person/days 13.0 1.7615 22.9 100.0
land manual harrowing (after tractor tilling). person/days 13.0 3.55 46.15 100.0
manure application person/days 13.0 3.55 46.15 100.0
Planting of cassava and groundnuts. person/days 13.0 0.88 11.44
植物材料
Groudnut seeds kg 200.0 0.4706 94.12 100.0
Cassava cuttings cuttings 10000.0 0.011765 117.65
肥料和杀菌剂
Compost/manure tons/ha 10.0 13.235 132.35
其它
Labour: weeding cassava, groundnuts and pigeon pea (done concurrently) person/days 13.0 3.54 46.02 100.0
Labour: Harvesting and transportation of groundnuts. person/days 13.0 0.88 11.44 100.0
Harvesting and transportation of cassava (after one year) person/days 13.0 2.65 34.45 100.0
Labour: harvesting cajanus cajan person/days 13.0 1.76 22.88 100.0
Labour: Maintenance of the contour bunds (cleaning of the furrow floor/walls and reshaping of the bunds) person/days 6.0 3.83333 23.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 608.55
技术维护总成本,美元 0.36

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
The area receives bimodal type of rainfall (March to May heavy rainfall and Sep to Dec light rainfall season)
Thermal climate class: tropics. Average temperature is 20°C. The average length of growing period is 210 days
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考:
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
教育

贫瘠
技术援助

贫瘠
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
市场

贫瘠
能源

贫瘠
道路和交通

贫瘠
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
金融服务

贫瘠

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: 1-2 kgs of cassava per crop stand
SLM之后的数量: 2.5-4 Kgs of cassava per crop stand
due to manure application.

生产故障风险
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: 50% risk
SLM之后的数量: 10-20% risk
due controll of soil erosion, soil fertility improvement and cantroll of moisture stress.

农业投入费用
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: 0 tons/ha
SLM之后的数量: 20 tons/ha
Use of farm yard manure.

收入来源的多样性
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: 1 income source (cassava)
SLM之后的数量: 3 more sources.
additional income from cajanus cajan, groundnuts and beans

工作量
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: 6
SLM之后的数量: 12
the technology is labour intensive and heavy labour is needed

社会文化影响
食品安全/自给自足
减少
改良

SLM之前的数量: 1
SLM之后的数量: 3
incresed no of diets cajanus cajan and beans/protein, cassava/carbohydretes, groundnuts/oil

健康状况
恶化
改良

SLM之前的数量: 10%
SLM之后的数量: 33%
access to varied food sources and capacity to invest in health services.

社区机构
削弱
加强

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: 1
FFS SLM groups

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
改良

SLM之前的数量: 5%
SLM之后的数量: 20%
% land users aware of improved conservation/erosion knowledge

社会经济弱势群体的情况(性别、年龄、地位、种族等)
恶化
改良

SLM之前的数量: 5%
SLM之后的数量: 40%
women involvement in SLM activities

Improved livelihoods and human well-being
decreased
improved


the technology resulted in increased crop production emanated from improved soil fertility and control of erosion. There is also diversification of income sources from cover crops (groundnuts) and cajanus cajan (cow pea) as well as improved diet due to varied food sources. All these contributed to improved livelihood and human well-being

生态影响
地表径流
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: 30%
SLM之后的数量: 5%
runoff speed reduced through the use of contour bund and cover crops

蒸发
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: 20%
SLM之后的数量: 10%
evaporation reduced from use of civer crops.

土壤水分
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: 10%
SLM之后的数量: 20%
water stored in soil due to the use of contour bunds and cover crops

土壤覆盖层
减少
改良

SLM之前的数量: 10%
SLM之后的数量: 45%
increased percentage monthly soil coverage with cover crops (ground nuts and beans)

养分循环/补给
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
nutrients generated from the use of beans (phaseola vulgaris)

土壤有机物/地下C
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
following use of farm yard manure

植物多样性
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: 1
SLM之后的数量: 3
crop varieties planted in different phases on the same land

栖息地多样性
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
Farm yard manure is a good medium for increased microbial action and soil fauna

害虫/疾病控制
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: 0%
SLM之后的数量: 50%
increased possibilities for using pest and disease resistant varieties.

火灾风险
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: 0%
SLM之后的数量: 100%
Area put uder cultivation are usually protected and less prone to fire burning

场外影响
水的可用性(地下水、泉水)
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
indirect reduced water loos due to runoff

下游洪水(不希望)
增加
减少

SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
rainfall runoff impeded or trapped by contour bunds

下游淤积
增加
降低

SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
reduced siltation of the natural water spring in the lower mountain/hilly floors.

对公共/私人基础设施的破坏
增加
减少

SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
reduced distruction of public roads through eroded soil.

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

At the beginning only slightly positive benefits are realized this is caused by the high investment/establishment costs. But with time benefits are very positive and overcomes establishment costs (non recurrent costs e.g. due to construction of contour bunds).

气候变化

渐变气候
年温度 增加

非常不好
非常好
气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
局地暴雨

非常不好
非常好
局地风暴

非常不好
非常好
答案:未知
干旱

非常不好
非常好
比较和缓的(河道)洪水

非常不好
非常好
答案:未知
其他气候相关的后果
缩短生长期

非常不好
非常好

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
户数和/或覆盖面积
34 households and 100% of the area covered
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • Simple to learn/ farmers gained soil fertilization knowledge.
  • Farmers gained soil management skills through learning by doing
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • The technology contributes in improved crop production and productivity.
  • Contour bund are stabilized with cajanus cajani which contributes to farmers nutrition and income.
  • Cover crops (groundnuts) that are grown within cassava are alternative sources of income to farmer before cassava is ready for harvesting and also improves soil fertility and moisture.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • High initial investment costs. Farmers are capital strapped and have low investment capacity. Raise farmers investment capacity through establishment and their direct engagement to rural micro finance institutions (SACCOS and VICOBA).
  • Unintended results due to the negative effects of climatic change and variability Find means and ways to mitigate adapt climatic change and variability (e.g. use of drought resistant varieties).
  • Contour bund construction is labour intensive and can not be performed by older people who lacks physical strength and energy. Make sure that FFS groups compose a balance of youth and elders who can play complementary roles to each others.

参考文献

编制者
  • ALLAN BUBELWA
Editors
审查者
  • Ursula Gaemperli
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Alexandra Gavilano
实施日期: June 11, 2014
上次更新: Aug. 6, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International