The technology involves a combination of structural, vegetative and agronomic land use practices aiming at improving production of cassava (Manihot esculenta), improving potential of the soil and environmental function of the land. The technology is among a list of basket of choices of SLM practices recently introduced and adapted to the area by land user and experts working with SCC-Vi Agroforestry an NGO contracted/outsourced by the Tras-boundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP) for provision of SLM advisory and extension services.
Contour bunds are constructed across the sloppy landscapes of average slope 5 – 8 % and are arranged in rows from the top to the bottom of the slope. The average distance between contour bunds is 15 meters. A contour bund is a row of long narrow furrow of average width 90cm and average depth 30cm dug across the slope using simple tools and leveled using A-frame method. Dug soils are piled below the slope to form a long strip earth of fanya chini bund. The average height and width of a bund is 30cm and 45cm respectively. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) are planted on contour bund to make them more stronger and productive. A single stand of pigeon pea has two plants and the distance between stands is 30 cm. Improved cassavas (Manihot esculenta) variety (mkombozi) that are resistant to cassava mosaic virus are planted in rows between contour bunds. Within rows, the space between cassavas is 1meter and between rows is 1meter. Manure application is applied before cassava planting at the rate of 2kgs per each plant hole. Cassava is usually planted on May and is harvested after one year. Cassava is planted together with groundnuts (Arachis hypogea) as a cover crop. Despite of having the nutritional advantage to farmers, pigeon pea and groundnuts also diversifies farmers’ livelihood income and have a key role of improving ecosystem through soil water conservation (prevent unproductive loss of green water) and improve soil fertility (through soil nutrient replenishment) and their after harvest remains are sources of organic matter.
Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of the technology is to:
1) Increase cassava productivity 2) Improved livelihood of the rural poor through diversification of income sources (cajanus cajan, groundnuts and cassava) and 3) conserve and restore ecosystem through soil fertility improvement (replacement of nutrients lost through uptake by plants), soil moisture improvement (by preventing blue water loss through runoff and green water loss through unproductive evaporation) and control of cassava pests and diseases (use of cassava varieties that are resistant to cassava mosaic virus).
Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment activities include land preparation, ploughing and harrowing, contour bund construction and leveling using A-frame, manure procurement and application. Maintenance and recurrent activities involves collection of cassava planting materials and planting, vegetative stabilization of the bunds by planting Cajanus cajan, planting of cover crops (groundnuts within cassava farm), weeding/gap filling and harvesting.
Natural / human environment: The natural environment includes crop land dominated with separate annual crops. A combination of structural and vegetative measure (contour bund strengthened and made more productive with Cajanus cajan). Climatic zone is sub humid with 210 length of growing period (LGP). Slope category is moderate lying between 5-8%. Soil texture is gravel sandy loam with medium soil depth.
On human environment, mechanization is dominated by use of handy tools and occasional use of tractors. Production system is mixed (both for subsistence and commercial purposes). Inputs used includes tools (hand hoe, machete, sickles, spade and mattock), light and heavy labour, manure, seeds and cassava planting materials with average annual costs of 1033.47 USD per hectare. Land ownership is individual not titles. The expected average annual gross revenue per hectare accrued from cassava alone is 20580 USD.
地点: Missenyi District Council/Minziro village, Tanzania/Kagera region, 坦桑尼亚联合共和国
分析的技术场所数量:
技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (approx. < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷))
在永久保护区?:
实施日期: 不到10年前(最近)
介绍类型
对投入进行具体说明 | 单位 | 数量 | 单位成本 (Tanzanian shillings) | 每项投入的总成本 (Tanzanian shillings) | 土地使用者承担的成本% |
劳动力 | |||||
Planting cajanus cajan (perennial shrub) | person/days | 13.0 | 1.7 | 22.1 | 100.0 |
Construction of contour bunds | person/days | 13.0 | 3.46 | 44.98 | 100.0 |
设备 | |||||
Tractor (hired) | pieces | 1.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | |
Tools | pieces | 34.0 | 2.941 | 99.99 | 100.0 |
植物材料 | |||||
Seeds | kg | 6.0 | 27.0 | 162.0 | |
技术建立所需总成本 | 424.07 | ||||
技术建立总成本,美元 | 0.25 |
对投入进行具体说明 | 单位 | 数量 | 单位成本 (Tanzanian shillings) | 每项投入的总成本 (Tanzanian shillings) | 土地使用者承担的成本% |
劳动力 | |||||
land preparation for tractor operation/ cleaning/grass slashing (usually occasional depends on land complexity) | person/days | 13.0 | 1.7615 | 22.9 | 100.0 |
land manual harrowing (after tractor tilling). | person/days | 13.0 | 3.55 | 46.15 | 100.0 |
manure application | person/days | 13.0 | 3.55 | 46.15 | 100.0 |
Planting of cassava and groundnuts. | person/days | 13.0 | 0.88 | 11.44 | |
植物材料 | |||||
Groudnut seeds | kg | 200.0 | 0.4706 | 94.12 | 100.0 |
Cassava cuttings | cuttings | 10000.0 | 0.011765 | 117.65 | |
肥料和杀菌剂 | |||||
Compost/manure | tons/ha | 10.0 | 13.235 | 132.35 | |
其它 | |||||
Labour: weeding cassava, groundnuts and pigeon pea (done concurrently) | person/days | 13.0 | 3.54 | 46.02 | 100.0 |
Labour: Harvesting and transportation of groundnuts. | person/days | 13.0 | 0.88 | 11.44 | 100.0 |
Harvesting and transportation of cassava (after one year) | person/days | 13.0 | 2.65 | 34.45 | 100.0 |
Labour: harvesting cajanus cajan | person/days | 13.0 | 1.76 | 22.88 | 100.0 |
Labour: Maintenance of the contour bunds (cleaning of the furrow floor/walls and reshaping of the bunds) | person/days | 6.0 | 3.83333 | 23.0 | 100.0 |
技术维护所需总成本 | 608.55 | ||||
技术维护总成本,美元 | 0.36 |
SLM之前的数量: 1-2 kgs of cassava per crop stand
SLM之后的数量: 2.5-4 Kgs of cassava per crop stand
due to manure application.
SLM之前的数量: 50% risk
SLM之后的数量: 10-20% risk
due controll of soil erosion, soil fertility improvement and cantroll of moisture stress.
SLM之前的数量: 0 tons/ha
SLM之后的数量: 20 tons/ha
Use of farm yard manure.
SLM之前的数量: 1 income source (cassava)
SLM之后的数量: 3 more sources.
additional income from cajanus cajan, groundnuts and beans
SLM之前的数量: 6
SLM之后的数量: 12
the technology is labour intensive and heavy labour is needed
SLM之前的数量: 1
SLM之后的数量: 3
incresed no of diets cajanus cajan and beans/protein, cassava/carbohydretes, groundnuts/oil
SLM之前的数量: 10%
SLM之后的数量: 33%
access to varied food sources and capacity to invest in health services.
SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: 1
FFS SLM groups
SLM之前的数量: 5%
SLM之后的数量: 20%
% land users aware of improved conservation/erosion knowledge
SLM之前的数量: 5%
SLM之后的数量: 40%
women involvement in SLM activities
the technology resulted in increased crop production emanated from improved soil fertility and control of erosion. There is also diversification of income sources from cover crops (groundnuts) and cajanus cajan (cow pea) as well as improved diet due to varied food sources. All these contributed to improved livelihood and human well-being
SLM之前的数量: 30%
SLM之后的数量: 5%
runoff speed reduced through the use of contour bund and cover crops
SLM之前的数量: 20%
SLM之后的数量: 10%
evaporation reduced from use of civer crops.
SLM之前的数量: 10%
SLM之后的数量: 20%
water stored in soil due to the use of contour bunds and cover crops
SLM之前的数量: 10%
SLM之后的数量: 45%
increased percentage monthly soil coverage with cover crops (ground nuts and beans)
SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
nutrients generated from the use of beans (phaseola vulgaris)
SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
following use of farm yard manure
SLM之前的数量: 1
SLM之后的数量: 3
crop varieties planted in different phases on the same land
SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
Farm yard manure is a good medium for increased microbial action and soil fauna
SLM之前的数量: 0%
SLM之后的数量: 50%
increased possibilities for using pest and disease resistant varieties.
SLM之前的数量: 0%
SLM之后的数量: 100%
Area put uder cultivation are usually protected and less prone to fire burning
SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
indirect reduced water loos due to runoff
SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
rainfall runoff impeded or trapped by contour bunds
SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
reduced siltation of the natural water spring in the lower mountain/hilly floors.
SLM之前的数量: low
SLM之后的数量: high
reduced distruction of public roads through eroded soil.