A tractor with the ‘Väderstad Rapid Cultivation Drill’ in action: a light surface tillage followed by direct seeding. (Soil and Water Protection, SOW)

Conservation agriculture (英国)

non-inversion tillage, incorporation of crop residues, non-selective herbicides

描述

Improved soil management based on non-inversion tillage for cost-effective and timely crop establishment.

Conservation agriculture (CA), involving superficial non-inversion tillage, began to be widely taken up in England following advances in seed drill technology, non-selective herbicides and straw-chopping combine harvesters in the late 1980s.
This case focuses on the Game Conservancy Trust’s Allerton Project at Loddington, which in 2000 pooled resources with its neighbour to purchase a single set of cultivation equipment, and replaced conventional mouldboard ploughing (with its multiple cultivations) by state-of-the-art CA. Contract services offered by the joint venture means that 1,000 ha are now covered each year. The main winter crops are wheat, oats, and oilseed rape. Beans are sown in the spring. The heavy clay loam is vulnerable to excessive surface moisture, restricting crop establishment
‘windows’.
Immediately after harvest the soil is loosened and straw incorporated, and then soil is consolidated (using a ‘cultivation train’ combining two machines: the ‘Simba Solo’ and the ‘Cultipress’). This encourages up to 60% of the weeds to emerge in a ‘stale seedbed’. Spraying then removes all the weeds and volunteer plants of previous crops. This is followed by a light surface tillage, using the ‘Väderstad Rapid Cultivator Drill’, before sowing into the seedbed created. Equipment comprises implements with tines and/or discs which create a tilth to around 10 cm
without inverting the soil. Cambridge rollers are then used to consolidate the sown land. After crop maturity, combine harvesting takes place - with simultaneous chopping of straw/crop residues. A trash rake is used to disperse the chopped straw. This way excessive trash is incorporated rapidly into the soil. Compaction may arise in the transition phase, because of the lack of soil loosening through ploughing: minimising traffic, keeping to tramlines and headlands can all help. In time, increases in soil organic matter content and earthworm biomass make compaction less of a problem. The problem of slugs can be reduced by improving seed-to-soil contact, and by drilling deeper.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of conservation agriculture is cost effective, timely and rapid crop establishment, under good soil conditions. High-speed operations are the key. Compared with conventional ploughing, labour is saved and fuel costs lowered. However, an additional application of herbicides represents an extra expenditure. Yields per hectare haven’t risen but the key difference is that about four times as many hectares can be prepared in time for autumn planting under conservation tillage, thus improving overall production. Incorporation of crop residues improves soil structure and leads to a more friable, less erodible topsoil.

地点

地点: Leicestershire, 英国

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考
  • -1.10348, 52.42453

技术传播:

在永久保护区?:

实施日期:

介绍类型
The grain crop emerging through a light mulch of straw. (Soil and Water Protection, SOW)
Detailed view of the ‘Väderstad Rapid Cultivation Drill’ with tines and discs. (Alastair Leake)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子, 谷类 - 燕麦, 谷类 - 小麦(冬季), 油料作物 - 向日葵、菜籽、其他
    每年的生长季节数: 1

供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀 , Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
SLM组
  • 最小的土壤扰动
SLM措施

技术图纸

技术规范

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:
  • 成本计算使用的货币:不适用
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 不适用
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:不适用
影响成本的最重要因素
No establishment costs for purchase of special conservation tillage equipment are included here – though this investment is considerable. Tractors of sufficient horsepower and a couple of special machines (see above) are needed. The investment in this case was shared by two neighbouring farms, who implemented conservation agriculture on a joint venture basis. The only costs presented in the table above are total recurrent annual costs for tillage operations. This total, US$ 180, compares with US$ 260 for conventional tillage operations. While drilling is not included in the above conventional tillage calculation, subsequent application of additional herbicides represents an extra cost of conservation tillage of about US$ 80/ha. In balance the costs per hectare are broadly similar. Labour inputs however are reduced considerably as a proportion: the Allerton farm with its 260 ha of arable land is operated by a farm manager and just one farm worker.
技术建立活动
n.a.
技术维护活动
  1. Loosen the soil and incorporate the straw using the ‘Simba Solo’; soil consolidation, using the 'Cultipress' (时间/频率: immediately post-harvest /)
  2. Spray the stale seedbed to remove all the weeds/volunteer plants of previous crops (时间/频率: mid September)
  3. Light surface tillage and sowing into the seedbed; using the 'Väderstad Rapid Cultivator Drill' (时间/频率: usually end September, just after spraying)
  4. Consolidation of the sown land (时间/频率: using Cambridge rollers)
  5. After crop maturity, combine harvesting - with simultaneous chopping of straw (时间/频率: None)
  6. Disperse the chopped straw, using a trash rake. (时间/频率: None)
技术维护的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (不适用) 每项投入的总成本 (不适用) 土地使用者承担的成本%
设备
Machine use ha 1.0 180.0 180.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 180.0
技术维护总成本,美元 180.0

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
Thermal climate class: temperate
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
增加


Reduced yields in the early years (due to initial compaction)

农业收入
降低
增加

社会文化影响
社区机构
削弱
加强

国家机构
削弱
加强

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
改良

冲突缓解
恶化
改良

生态影响
地表径流
增加
降低

多余水的排放
减少
改良

土壤水分
降低
增加

土壤覆盖层
减少
改良

土壤流失
增加
降低

土壤有机物/地下C
降低
增加

Carbon sequestration
decreased
increased

Loss of nutrients (through leaching)
improved
reduced

Biodiversity enhancement
decreased
increased


Above and below ground

Soil structure
reduced
imporved

Organic matter depletion (in certain sandy soils)
increased
decreased

Reliance on herbicides
increased
decreased

场外影响
下游洪水(不希望)
增加
减少

下游淤积
增加
降低

地下水/河流污染
增加
减少

风力搬运沉积物
增加
减少

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

气候变化

-

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • Increases soil biota (more than doubling earthworm mass) and biodiversity generally (nearly doubling the number of different organisms)

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain system over time to maximise these benefits.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Lowers recurrent soil tillage costs – mainly due to reduction in fuel use (down by about one third) and labour (saving around one person day per hectare)

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Spread over greater area to maximise cost reduction.
  • ncreases overall farm yield (and income) by speeding up land preparation in autumn, allowing a larger area to be planted as winter crops

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
  • Improves soil structure and physical properties in various ways

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain system over time to maximise these benefits.
  • Reduces runoff (by a half), soil erosion (by two thirds), and leaching of nutrients (by three quarters) thus decreasing movement of phosphates and nitrates to streams and rivers

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? To improve further, combine with other measures such as adding organic matter or growing green manures and cover crops.
  • Increases soil buffering capacity against climatic extremes (especially rainfall) through maintaining surface cover and building up soil organic matter

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain system over time to maximise these benefits.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • Increased growth of grass weeds and thus greater cost of herbicides Use ‘stale seedbeds’ – surface tillage immediately post-harvest to induce weed germination – followed by spraying. Crop rotation, spring cropping, occasional ploughing (every few years as necessary).
  • Not suitable for all soil types (not appropriate on some sandy soils) Don’t introduce/promote CA indiscriminately.
  • Excessive surface trash/crop residues Good chopping, then spreading and incorporation.
  • Problems with slugs Drill seed deeper, ensure good seed-to-soil
  • Surface compaction in the early stages of conversion to conservation agriculture Appropriate loosening of soil, using tined implement.

参考文献

编制者
  • Alastaire Leake
Editors
审查者
  • Alexandra Gavilano
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Deborah Niggli
实施日期: Feb. 24, 2011
上次更新: Aug. 22, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Soil Management Initiative/Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) A guide to managing crop establishment.. (undated).: SMI, UK (www.smi.org.uk)
  • Soil Management Initiative Improved soil management for agronomic and environmental gain.. (undated).: SMI, UK(www.smi.org.uk)
  • Soil Management Initiative/Väderstad Target on establishment: innovation for the future of farming.. (undated).: SMI, UK(www.smi.org.uk)
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