Erosion protection by fencing and reduction of grazing and trampling pressure, Ehen. (Hanns Kirchmeir)

Community-based approach in Erosion Control (阿塞拜疆)

Ismayilly district, Ehen community

描述

The unsustainable use of pastures and forest areas leads to erosion, degradation, desertification and loss of biodiversity in high mountain areas of the South Caucasus. In the village Ehen in the Ismayilli district in Azerbaijan, a community-based approach for erosion control was developed in a participative way. Together with village stakeholders, different measures were developed to stop erosive processes, flooding and to rehabilitate vegetation cover.

The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan togehter witht the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) selected integrated erosion control as a priority in their cooperation and the district Ismayilli was choosen for the implementation of pilot activities.
The district Ismayilli covers an area of about 2.158 km². Approximately 31% of the territory is covered with forest. Pasture lands on slopes are particularly exposed to vegetation degradation due to overgrazing. The loss of a closed vegetation cover on mountain slopes can lead to severe soil erosion due to surface water runoff. The project team together with the district administration decided to set the focus on the village Ehen near Lahic.

The approach chosen for integrated erosion control in Ehen was a community-based approach. Together with stakeholders, the most severe erosion sites were identified, and a list of priorities was developed. In cooperation with international experts, different technologies and practices were developed to stop erosion processes. Several preconditions for the development of a number of practices were set: The technologies should be cost-effective and affordable for the villagers, and the villagers should be able to use them without the use of external technicians. In order to achieve this, particular emphasis was placed on the application of bio-engineering measures. Measures were applied on degraded pasture lands and erosion gullies in the pilot community at the south slope of the Great Caucasus.

As a first step, the implementation sites were determined through joint field visits by village representatives and experts ('Screening mission'). In the first face the GIZ-team and the SLM-experts have been introduced to the village community. In this phase, the national GIZ project coordinator had the major role to create a basis of respect and trust to enable a positive athomisphere for an open minded discussion. The driving factors of deforestation and overgrazing were discussed in the field, and the potential intervention sites were marked with colour spray and wooden poles in the field. The marking in the field instead of only working with printed maps was very important for the recognition, discussion and acceptance of the sites by all villagers. There was a gap of several weeks between marking and implementation, which provided enough time for internal discussion about the site selection and the adaptation of boundaries.

Nine degraded pastures and forest land sites were selected by the village stakeholders togehter witht the SLM specialists. Four sites are located above the village with the risk of increasing rockfall and flooding by surface water runoff. Five sites are located below the village and were selected to ensure the productivity of the land. For providing tree seedlings, a local tree nursery was established near the school (10th site). One site was selected to combine effects by establishing a hazelnut plantation to stop erosion, increase vegetation cover and provide an income generation opportunity.
Two sites with gully erosion were selected: a site above the village with the risk of flooding into the village and a site below the village along the road with a high risk of road damage if the deepening process continues (detailed instructions on measures can be found at the internet links attached).
Regular meetings took place between the traditional administrative community board, the GIZ-project team and the SLM experts to discuss the implementation process and to evaluate together the results. The availability of local resources was taken into consideration to adapt technologies to fit the local needs. New ideas, localy available materials and technologies have beein integrated into the implementation process by the local stakeholders.
The implementation of the measures was done mainly by the local village people and local experts. The SLM experts provided 'hands-on-training' and all materials that were not available in the village as well external experts were financed by the project.

Another essential aspect is the sustainable use of well-managed meadows by different stakeholders (beekeepers, wild herb collectors, orchard owners and others) in the community. This includes the agreement (rule) of the community to share the protected pastures and to consider the needs of all interest groups. The decission of the profit sharing is taken by the taditional administrative community board. A further factor was the establishment of a tree nursery, which led to an increased motivation to plant additional trees (especially fruit trees) in the community.

地点

地点: DIistrict Ismayilli, Ehen village, 阿塞拜疆

选定地点的地理参考
  • 48.41683, 40.85267

启动日期: 2015

终止年份: 2018

方法的类型
Mapped sites in Ehen. The village was assessed in the screening mission in May 2014 and was subject of several further field missions. Ehen acts as a demonstration site for the other villages, as many different measures were implemented here. (Hanns Kirchmeir)
Construction of a pile wall on a steep slope in the village of Goydan (Hanns Kirchmeir)

方法目标和有利环境

该方法的主要目的/目标
Develop erosion control measures that can be implemented by village population without significant investment. The measures are addressed to rehabilitate vegetation on eroded sites and to slow down water speed and erosive energy where gullies already exist. This should help protect roads and other infrastructure as well as stop soil loss and increase overall productivity.
推动实施本办法所应用技术的条件
  • 社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观: Local population tend to save resources such as forest and pasture surrounding their village. Residents, especially women collect wild plants to use in daily life. Furthermore, selling collected wild plants in the market, residents earn income.
  • 财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性: Most of the activities (fencing, willow fascines, pilewalls, gabion or wooden check dams) only need small-scale financial investments. Only the drip irrigation system for the hazelnut orchard needed significant external investment, and the return of the investment cannot be expected before 10 years. Such an investment would have been impossible for the village community without external support.
  • 机构设置: The Community Management Group was established at the early stage of the project.
  • 参与者的的协作/协调: Pilot activities are implemented in cooperation with local decision makers and communities. The active involvement of the village people in the implementation works was a hands-on training.
  • 政策: The Azerbaijan policy to establish more than 2000ha of hazelnut orchard in the district of Ismayilli supports the decision to establish hazelnut orchards on eroded sites as a control measure.
  • 土地治理(决策、实施和执行): Pilot sites are located in municipality land. Community members and local authority decided the border of pilot sites.
  • 了解SLM,获得技术支持: Residents have some initial knowledge of sustainable land management. Implementing pilot activities their information is developed.
  • 市场(购买投入,销售产品)和价格: Collected wild plants are sold in the market located next to Ehen village.
  • 工作量、人力资源可用性: The manpower is available in the village
阻碍实施本办法所应用技术的条件
  • 法律框架(土地使用权、土地和水使用权): The forest’s legal protection does not allow timber or poles to be taken from the forest for the construction of pile walls or wooden check dams. The poles had to be imported and transferred to the village. A balanced sustainable forest management would enable village people to make use of the local timber and would encourage people to establish forest areas.

相关利益相关者的参与和角色

该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责
该方法涉及哪些利益相关者/执行机构? 指定利益相关者 说明利益相关者的角色
当地土地使用者/当地社区 Livestock farmers, shepherds, smallholder farms and women that were loosely organised. Selection of sites for intervention, providing labour during implementation of measure, local hay residuals provided by farmers for testing the measure, maintenance of drip irrigation and electric fence of the hazelnut orchards.
SLM专家/农业顾问 International and national specialists have been integrated. The SLM specialist elaborated in close cooperation with the local stakeholders the implementation concept.
研究人员 Researcher from the Agrarian University in Ganja.
地方政府 Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, Ismayilli District Administration Numerous pilot activities (test and demonstrate the most appropriate actions and raise awareness of the community on the long-term socio- economic and environmental benefits of the pilot actions) have been implemented In cooperation with local government in Ehen municipality.
当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
被动
外部支持
互动
自我动员
启动/动机
The selection of Ismayilli district was done at Ministry level. The selection of the villages was done with district administration and experts assessment of erosion problems.
计划
The site selection was done with local village stakeholders. The technical planning was done by external experts. Four additional municipalities were assessed for hazelnut plantations where local land users provided data.
实施
Local stakeholders trained on bioengineering measures. The following measures were applied during hands-on training: 1. Wooden check-dam. 2. Gabion check-dam. 3. Willow-fascines. 4. Electric-Fencing. 5.Pile walls. 6.Drip irrigation system.
监测/评估
An external monitoring team (project team) did the monitoring in a participative way. The observations and monitoring results were discussed with the village stakeholders.
流程图

This flow chart gives an overview on the different roles of project participants (Ministry and GIZ, the national experts and SLM specialists as well as the local stakeholders) and the actions implementented by them jointly or seperately.

有关SLM技术选择的决策

决策是由......做出的

  • 仅限土地使用者(自主)
  • 主要是土地使用者,由SLM专家提供支持
  • 所有相关参与者,作为参与式方法的一部分
  • 主要是SLM专家,咨询土地使用者之后
  • 仅限SLM专家
  • 政治家和领袖

决策是基于

  • 对充分记录的SLM知识进行评估(基于证据的决策)
  • 研究结果
  • 个人经验和意见(无记录)

技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

以下活动或服务是该方法的一部分
能力建设/培训
向以下利益相关者提供培训
  • 土地使用者
  • 现场工作人员/顾问
培训形式
  • 在职
  • 农民对农民
  • 示范区域
  • 公开会议
  • 课程
涵盖的主题

Construction of willow fascines, pill walls, wooden check dams, gabion check dams, tree planting, fence construction (electric fence, mesh wire fence), construction and maintenance of drip irrigation system.

咨询服务
已提供咨询服务
  • 在土地使用者的土地上
  • 在固定中心
The field trip provided advice and training on afforestation and tree species selection.
机构强化
机构已强化/建立
  • 是,少许
  • 是,适度
  • 是,非常
在下述层面上
  • 本地
  • 区域
  • 国家
描述机构、角色和职责、成员等.
The implementation capacity of line ministries, their subordinate bodies and of training institutions regarding the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services is improved. The regional exchange on sustainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services is improved.
支持类型
  • 财务
  • 能力建设/培训
  • 设备
进一步细节
Capacities in project planning, implementation and monitoring have been developed. Awareness raising on erosion-caused land degradation and effective, cost-efficient erosion control measures have been applied.
监测和评估
In 2018, monitoring was carried out on the implemented measures in order to assess if additional interventions would be required or if measures had been damaged. Permanent monitoring plots have been established to assess the rehabilitation of vegetation.

融资和外部物质支持

SLM组成部分的年度预算,以美元计算
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: 100.0
In the framework of the GIZ-program “Integrated Biodiversity Management, South Caucasus” (2015-2019), implemented on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). the amount covers: fencing, electric fensing, hay, pile walls, afforestation, wooden check dams, gabion check dams, other materials and labour on the sites of Ehen.
已向土地使用者提供以下服务或激励
  • 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援
  • 特定投入的补贴
  • 信用
  • 其它激励或手段
为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援
Land users were provided materials for erosion control measures and tree nursery. The timber for the pile walls, the mesh wire fence and the electric fencing material as well as well as tanks for rain water collection (for the tree nursery) and irrigation equipment was provided. The local stakeholders provided man power for the mainance of fences and irrigation system and maintaining the tree nursery for free. Workpower for setting up infrastructures like gabions or chech damms was paid.
部分融资
充分融资
劳动力

Only the construction of technical infrastructure (fence, check dams, irrigation system was paid. Maintenance work was not paid.

tree nursery

Equipment (fence, water tanks, irrigation system, tools) have been financed. Seeds have been provided by locals.

建筑: 木材

Timber for pile walls was bought and provided, branches for willow fence and fascines was contributed by locals.

土地使用者的劳动力为

其它激励或手段

For the implementation of the pilot measures in Ehen, material and payment for labour was provided. There have been some follow up activities in neighboring villages where only the material was provided, as the work was done voluntarily.

影响分析和结论性陈述

方法的影响
是,很少
是,中等
是,支持力度很大
该方法是否有助于当地土地使用者,提高利益相关者的参与度?

The application of easy-to-use measures for erosion control enabled local land users to arrange land management and erosion control measures by themselves without relying on significant external support. The pilot actions in the village Ehen are used as a showcase for the neighbouring villages.

该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术?

As a result of the on-the-job training, most of the activities (fencing, pile walls, hay mulch application, wooden and gabion check dams) can now be implemented by the local village stakeholders without external support.

该方法是否调动/改善了使用财务资源实施SLM的途径?

International funds were accessible for the village community and other international donors funded measures in the same village.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者实施土地管理的知识和能力?

The involvement of local stakeholders in all stages of planning, site selection and implementation improved capacity and knowledge. It was very important that the work was done mainly by local village people and not by external companies.

该方法是否提高了其他利益相关者的知识和能力?

University experts and district-level technicians participated in the planning and implementation. They can act as knowledge hubs.

该方法是否缓解了冲突?

该方法是否改善了粮食安全/改善了营养?

该方法是否改善了市场准入?

该方法是否会带来就业、收入机会?

Villagers have reported that the improved vegetation in the fenced areas led to significantly higher honey harvest and herb collection for marketing on the bazaar of Lahic village.

Protection from national hazards

All gabions at the sites in Ehen are functioning well and show the impact of the gully deepening and the wash out at the lower (downhill) end of the gabion. Reduced water speed and the stabilised river bed helped to save the road.

土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机
  • 增加生产
  • 增加利润(能力),提高成本效益比
  • 减少土地退化
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 减少工作量
  • 支付/补贴
  • 规章制度(罚款)/执行
  • 声望、社会压力/社会凝聚
  • 加入运动/项目/团体/网络
  • 环境意识
  • 习俗和信仰,道德
  • 提高SLM知识和技能
  • 美学改进
  • 冲突缓解
方法活动的可持续性
土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施(无外部支持的情况下)?
  • 不确定

Local stakeholders trained on building and applying measures. The measures (fencing, pile walls, wooden and gabion check dams) are low-cost and can easily be replicated by village stakeholders. Only the drip irrigation system and electric fencing for the hazelnut orchard needs high investment and might not be up-scaled without external support.

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • The integration of local stakeholders in the selection of measures and sites helped to address the most 'urgent' problems from the villagers view.
  • It was important to have visual results from the work in a short time. Especially the reduction of flooding was a very positive result as well as the increased number of flowering plants which led to an increase of honey and tea production, which created additional income. Some of the trained techniques have been already transferred by villagers to neighbouring communities.
  • Most of the beneficiaries see the hazelnut plantation area as a potential source of income in the future and at the same time as a useful measurement for rehabilitation of the biodiversity and measure against erosion.
    Land users see the implementation of the measures on the site as contribution to the future tourism perspective of the village.
  • The pilot measure is cost-efficient and affordable for local people. It has a positive ratio of cost/benefit.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Measures are easily implemented and materials (mesh wire, willows, seedlings) are available locally.
  • The measures are showing significant impacts in a short time. The rehabilitation of vegetation and the gathering of sediments halting gully deepening is already visible in the first year after implementation.
  • As there is still enough pasture land available and the areas of intervention have been implemented on degraded land, there was no major conflict with shepherds and farmers.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • Low capacity of the municipality was limiting to the management of the drip irrigation and the electric fence. Handing over the hazelnut orchard to a private cooperative could increase ownership and personal involvement of local stakeholders in orchard maintenance. A long-term business plan and financing model needs to be developed if the approach is to be up-scaled.
  • Current electric fence of hazelnut plantation is not efficient in protecting area from free roaming animals.
    It also reflects on the inefficiency of the overseer`s working time, as he spends entire working hours on the controlling the fence which reduces his time on spending on the additional activities like controlling plant growth and irrigation system. Changing electrical fence to the ordinary mesh fence or wire fence.
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • Because of a general ban on forest management, the timber used for pile walls and wooden check dams cannot be extracted from the local forest. Timber and logs have to be bought from foreign markets. An adaptation of laws on the legal extraction of local timber for certain purpose would be helpful.
  • Hazel needs more than 750 mm annual precipitation. Humidity above 60% in June and July is beneficial. A strong wind is a danger for young trees. Ehen has 500-700m precipitation and significant summer drought. A drip irrigation system was applied to overcome summer drought in the first couple of years until seedlings have established a sufficient root system to access water from deeper soil layers.
  • The electric fencing and the drip irrigation for the hazelnut plantation and fruit tree plantations above the village need expensive investment and specific skills for mounting and maintenance. Project investment was used for pilot measures as a demonstration site. The hazelnut orchard can show a positive return on investment within 10-15 years if managed well.

参考文献

编制者
  • Hanns Kirchmeir
Editors
  • Markus Koeppler
  • Samir Abbasov
审查者
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
实施日期: Sept. 10, 2019
上次更新: Aug. 31, 2020
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Planning meetings, site visit and stakeholder meeting, Hanns Kirchmeir, Azerbaijan 2017.: Report based on field vists
  • Hazelnut plantations on eroded sites in Ismayilli, Hanns Kirchmeir, 2017: Concept based on surveys and field visits
链接到网络上可用的相关信息
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International